Advanced Search
ZHOU Wence, ZHANG Hui, LI Xin, DONG Shi. Frontier and Future of Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2023, 50(4): 338-344. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2023.22.1290
Citation: ZHOU Wence, ZHANG Hui, LI Xin, DONG Shi. Frontier and Future of Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2023, 50(4): 338-344. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2023.22.1290
shu

Frontier and Future of Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer

  • 1.

    Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China

  • 2.

    The Second Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Funding: 

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82260555

Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province 21JR1RA102

Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Project of Gansu Province, China GZKP-2020-28

More Information
  • Received Date: October 31, 2022
  • Revised Date: February 09, 2023
  • Available Online: January 12, 2024
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract

  • Pancreatic cancer remains as one of the most lethal malignancies. Resistance to conventional therapies has led to little improvement in the survival of pancreatic cancer patients over the past few decades. Immune-based treatment strategies for pancreatic cancer, such as immune-checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and combination immunotherapies show promise. Many immunotherapies have been explored in clinical trials, but they have yet to show significant therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, immunotherapy is inevitably the future of pancreatic cancer cure. This article introduces the current research progress and bottlenecks of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer and puts forward further optimization directions and solutions. We hope to provide a reference for the future use of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.

    • FullText(HTML)

  • Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

    • References (57)
  • [1]
    Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer Statistics, 2021[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(1): 7-33. doi: 10.3322/caac.21654
    [2]
    Lee YE, Ju A, Choi HW, et al. Rationally designed redirection of natural killer cells anchoring a cytotoxic ligand for pancreatic cancer treatment[J]. J Control Release, 2020, 326: 310-323. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.016
    [3]
    Nevala-Plagemann C, Hidalgo M, Garrido-Laguna I. From state-of-the-art treatments to novel therapies for advanced-stage pancreatic cancer[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2020, 17(2): 108-123. doi: 10.1038/s41571-019-0281-6
    [4]
    Foley K, Kim V, Jaffee E, et al. Current progress in immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer[J]. Cancer Lett, 2016, 381(1): 244-251. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.020
    [5]
    Zhang A, Miao K, Sun H, et al. Tumor heterogeneity reshapes the tumor microenvironment to influence drug resistance[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2022, 18(7): 3019-3033. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.72534
    [6]
    Guan J, Lim KS, Mekhail T, et al. Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) Expression in the Programmed Death Receptor-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 Blockade: A Key Player Against Various Cancers[J]. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2017, 141(6): 851-861. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0361-RA
    [7]
    Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, et al. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 366(26): 2455-2465. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200694
    [8]
    国家卫生健康委办公厅. 胰腺癌诊疗指南(2022年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2022, 38(5): 1006-1015. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.05.007

    General Office of The National Health Commission. Standard for diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer (2022 edition)[J]. Lin Chuang Gan Dan Bing Za Zhi, 2022, 38(5): 1006-1015. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.05.007
    [9]
    Marabelle A, Le DT, Ascierto PA, et al. Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Noncolorectal High Microsatellite Instability/Mismatch Repair-Deficient Cancer: Results From the PhaseⅡKEYNOTE-158 Study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(1): 1-10. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.02105
    [10]
    Chia DKA, Gwee YX, Sundar R. Resistance to systemic immune checkpoint inhibition in the peritoneal niche[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2022, 10(6): e004749. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004749
    [11]
    Hu ZI, Shia J, Stadler ZK, et al. Evaluating Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Challenges and Recommendations[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24(6): 1326-1336. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3099
    [12]
    Li TJ, Wang WQ, Yu XJ, et al. Killing the "BAD": Challenges for immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer, 2020, 1874(1): 188384. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188384
    [13]
    Chen L. Co-inhibitory molecules of the B7-CD28 family in the control of T-cell immunity[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2004, 4(5): 336-347. doi: 10.1038/nri1349
    [14]
    Annesley CE, Brown P. Novel agents for the treatment of childhood acute leukemia[J]. Ther Adv Hematol, 2015, 6(2): 61-79. doi: 10.1177/2040620714565963
    [15]
    Royal RE, Levy C, Turner K, et al. Phase 2 trial of single agent Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J]. J Immunother, 2010, 33(8): 828-833. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181eec14c
    [16]
    Bengsch F, Knoblock DM, Liu A, et al. CTLA-4/CD80 pathway regulates T cell infiltration into pancreatic cancer[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2017, 66(12): 1609-1617. doi: 10.1007/s00262-017-2053-4
    [17]
    Ren B, Cui M, Yang G, et al. Tumor microenvironment participates in metastasis of pancreatic cancer[J]. Mol Cancer, 2018, 17(1): 108. doi: 10.1186/s12943-018-0858-1
    [18]
    Le DT, Wang-Gillam A, Picozzi V, et al. Safety and survival with GVAX pancreas prime and Listeria Monocytogenes-expressing mesothelin (CRS-207) boost vaccines for metastatic pancreatic cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33(12): 1325-1333. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.57.4244
    [19]
    Muth ST, Saung MT, Blair AB, et al. CD137 agonist-based combination immunotherapy enhances activated, effector memory T cells and prolongs survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J]. Cancer Lett, 2021, 499: 99-108. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.041
    [20]
    Wu AA, Bever KM, Ho WJ, et al. A Phase Ⅱ Study of Allogeneic GM-CSF-Transfected Pancreatic Tumor Vaccine (GVAX) with Ipilimumab as Maintenance Treatment for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(19): 5129-5139. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-1025
    [21]
    Nishida S, Ishikawa T, Egawa S, et al. Combination Gemcitabine and WT1 Peptide Vaccination Improves Progression-Free Survival in Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Phase ⅡRandomized Study[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2018, 6(3): 320-331. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0386
    [22]
    Sadeghlar F, Vogt A, Mohr RU, et al. Induction of cytotoxic effector cells towards cholangiocellular, pancreatic, and colorectal tumor cells by activation of the immune checkpoint CD40/CD40L on dendritic cells[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2021, 70(5): 1451-1464. doi: 10.1007/s00262-020-02746-x
    [23]
    Wang R, Chen J, Wang W, et al. CD40L-armed oncolytic herpes simplex virus suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by facilitating the tumor microenvironment favorable to cytotoxic T cell response in the syngeneic mouse model[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2022, 10(1): e003809. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003809
    [24]
    Van Audenaerde JR, Marcq E, von Scheidt B, et al. Novel combination immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: potent anti-tumor effects with CD40 agonist and interleukin-15 treatment[J]. Clin Transl Immunology, 2020, 9(8): e1165.
    [25]
    Byrne KT, Betts CB, Mick R, et al. Neoadjuvant Selicrelumab, an Agonist CD40 Antibody, Induces Changes in the Tumor Microenvironment in Patients with Resectable Pancreatic Cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(16): 4574-4586. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-1047
    [26]
    Lau SP, van Montfoort N, Kinderman P, et al. Dendritic cell vaccination and CD40-agonist combination therapy licenses T cell-dependent antitumor immunity in a pancreatic carcinoma murine model[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(2): e000772. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000772
    [27]
    O'Hara MH, O'Reilly EM, Varadhachary G, et al. CD40 agonistic monoclonal antibody APX005M (sotigalimab) and chemotherapy, with or without nivolumab, for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase Ⅰb study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2021, 22(1): 118-131. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30532-5
    [28]
    Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP, Yang JC, et al. Adoptive cell transfer: a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2008, 8(4): 299-308. doi: 10.1038/nrc2355
    [29]
    Beatty GL, O'Hara MH, Lacey SF, et al. Activity of Mesothelin-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Against Pancreatic Carcinoma Metastases in a Phase 1 Trial[J]. Gastroenterology, 2018, 155(1): 29-32. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.029
    [30]
    Liu Y, Guo Y, Wu Z, et al. Anti-EGFR chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in metastatic pancreatic carcinoma: A phaseⅠclinical trial[J]. Cytotherapy, 2020, 22(10): 573-580. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.04.088
    [31]
    Raj D, Yang MH, Rodgers D, et al. Switchable CAR-T cells mediate remission in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma[J]. Gut, 2019, 68(6): 1052-1064. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316595
    [32]
    Han L, Shang YM, Song YP, et al. Biological Character of RetroNectin Activated Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells[J]. J Immunol Res, 2016, 2016: 5706814.
    [33]
    Hecht JR, Bedford R, Abbruzzese JL, et al. A phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ trial of intratumoral endoscopic ultrasound injection of ONYX-015 with intravenous gemcitabine in unresectable pancreatic carcinoma[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2003, 9(2): 555-561.
    [34]
    Barton KN, Siddiqui F, Pompa R, et al. Phase Ⅰ trial of oncolytic adenovirus-mediated cytotoxic and interleukin-12 gene therapy for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer[J]. Mol Ther Oncolytics, 2020, 20: 94-104.
    [35]
    Chard LS, Maniati E, Wang P, et al. A vaccinia virus armed with interleukin-10 is a promising therapeutic agent for treatment of murine pancreatic cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2015, 21(2): 405-416. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0464
    [36]
    Marelli G, Chard Dunmall LS, Yuan M, et al. A systemically deliverable Vaccinia virus with increased capacity for intertumoral and intratumoral spread effectively treats pancreatic cancer[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2021, 9(1): e001624. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001624
    [37]
    Joyce JA, Pollard JW. Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2009, 9(4): 239-252. doi: 10.1038/nrc2618
    [38]
    Hingorani SR, Zheng L, Bullock AJ, et al. HALO 202: Randomized Phase Ⅱ Study of PEGPH20 Plus Nab-Paclitaxel/Gemcitabine Versus Nab-Paclitaxel/Gemcitabine in Patients With Untreated, Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(4): 359-366. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.74.9564
    [39]
    Kindler HL, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, et al. Gemcitabine plus bevacizumab compared with gemcitabine plus placebo in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: phase Ⅲ trial of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 80303)[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2010, 28(22): 3617-3622. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.28.1386
    [40]
    Astsaturov IA, Meropol NJ, Alpaugh RK, et al. Phase Ⅱ and coagulation cascade biomarker study of bevacizumab with or without docetaxel in patients with previously treated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J]. Am J Clin Oncol, 2011, 34(1): 70-75. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e3181d2734a
    [41]
    Hidalgo M, Maitra A. The hedgehog pathway and pancreatic cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(21): 2094-2096. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcibr0905857
    [42]
    Pijnappel EN, Wassenaar NPM, Gurney-Champion OJ, et al. Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ Study of LDE225 in Combination with Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel in Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(19): 4869. doi: 10.3390/cancers13194869
    [43]
    Paz-Ares L, Dvorkin M, Chen Y, et al. Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet, 2019, 394(10212): 1929-1939. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32222-6
    [44]
    O'Reilly EM, Oh DY, Dhani N, et al. Durvalumab With or Without Tremelimumab for Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(10): 1431-1438. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1588
    [45]
    Overman M, Javle M, Davis RE, et al. Randomized phase Ⅱ study of the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor acalabrutinib, alone or with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(1): e000587. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000587
    [46]
    Chung V, Kos FJ, Hardwick N, et al. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of p53MVA vaccine combined with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid cancers[J]. Clin Transl Oncol, 2019, 21(3): 363-372. doi: 10.1007/s12094-018-1932-2
    [47]
    Ho TTB, Nasti A, Seki A, et al. Combination of gemcitabine and anti-PD-1 antibody enhances the anticancer effect of M1 macrophages and the Th1 response in a murine model of pancreatic cancer liver metastasis[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(2): e001367. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001367
    [48]
    Weiss GJ, Blaydorn L, Beck J, et al. Phase Ⅰb/Ⅱ study of gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel, and pembrolizumab in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J]. Invest New Drugs, 2018, 36(1): 96-102. doi: 10.1007/s10637-017-0525-1
    [49]
    Ogasawara M, Miyashita M, Yamagishi Y, et al. Dendritic cell vaccination combined with a conventional chemotherapy for patients with relapsed or advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a single-center phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ trial[J]. Ther Apher Dial, 2021, 25(4): 415-424. doi: 10.1111/1744-9987.13659
    [50]
    Wu AA, Bever KM, Ho WJ, et al. A Phase Ⅱ Study of Allogeneic GM-CSF-Transfected Pancreatic Tumor Vaccine (GVAX) with Ipilimumab as Maintenance Treatment for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(19): 5129-5139. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-1025
    [51]
    Mahalingam D, Wilkinson GA, Eng KH, et al. Pembrolizumab in Combination with the Oncolytic Virus Pelareorep and Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A PhaseⅠb Study[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(1): 71-81. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2078
    [52]
    Hirooka Y, Kasuya H, Ishikawa T, et al. A Phase Ⅰ clinical trial of EUS-guided intratumoral injection of the oncolytic virus, HF10 for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer[J]. BMC Cancer, 2018, 18(1): 596. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4453-z
    [53]
    Alewine C, Ahmad M, Peer CJ, et al. Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ Study of the Mesothelin-targeted Immunotoxin LMB-100 with Nab-Paclitaxel for Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26(4): 828-836. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2586
    [54]
    周玲, 杨晨, 高艳, 等. 吉西他滨增强HUVEC疫苗抗胰腺癌作用实验研究[J]. 中国药理学通报, 2021, 37(7): 996-1001. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1978.2021.07.020

    Zhou L, Yang C, Gao Y, et al. Experimental study of enhanced anti-pancreatic cancer effects by combination treatment with HUVEC vaccine and gemcitabine[J]. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Tong Bao, 2021, 37(7): 996-1001. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1978.2021.07.020
    [55]
    Suzuki N, Hazama S, Iguchi H, et al. Phase Ⅱ clinical trial of peptide cocktail therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: VENUS-PC study[J]. Cancer Sci, 2017, 108(1): 73-80. doi: 10.1111/cas.13113
    [56]
    Fujiwara K, Saung MT, Jing H, et al. Interrogating the immune-modulating roles of radiation therapy for a rational combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in treating pancreatic cancer[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8(2): e000351. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000351
    [57]
    Lee YH, Yu CF, Yang YC, et al. Ablative Radiotherapy Reprograms the Tumor Microenvironment of a Pancreatic Tumor in Favoring the Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(4): 2091. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042091
    • Related Articles

  • Related Articles

    [1]YANG Jing, WU Tao. Research Progress on PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Treatment of Advanced, Relapsed, and Refractory NK/T-cell Lymphoma[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2025, 52(8): 705-710. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2025.25.0060
    [2]YAN Guangning, YU Ling, LAI Xuwen, YE Danli, WANG Wei, WANG Zhuocai. Correlation Between PD-1/CTLA-4 Expressions with C linicopathological Features and Prognosis of Osteosarcoma Patients[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2023, 50(1): 63-68. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2023.22.0483
    [3]LAI Yanliang, GENG Yan, YANG Bingquan. Endocrine Disorders Induced by PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor and Related Treatment[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2021, 48(11): 1035-1040. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2021.21.0365
    [4]YU Xuxu, LI Xiangke, YANG Minjie, CHEN Zhong, MAO Yinggang, SONG Lijie. Efficacy and Safety of PD-1 Inhibitor Combined with Anlotinib on Advanced Neuroendocrine Carcinoma[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2021, 48(10): 974-978. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2021.21.0271
    [5]MA Yinjuan, YANG Xiaying, WANG Ying, WANG Xuan, PAN Yaozhu. Research Progress of PD-1/PD-L1/2 Pathway in Multiple Myeloma[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2021, 48(6): 647-651. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2021.21.0108
    [6]XU Ya, FU Yang, ZHU Shicong, ZHANG Bicheng. Preparation of B2M and PD-1 Efficiently Double Genes Knock-out Primary Human T Lymphocytes by Cas9 RNP Technology[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2020, 47(6): 403-410. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2020.19.1603
    [7]WANG Yufeng, YAO Nan, WANG Jun, MIN Guangtao. Prognostic Role of PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression in Gastric Cancer Patients: A Meta-analysis[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2020, 47(5): 346-352. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2020.19.0950
    [8]WANG Yixin, HU Zongtao, ZHANG Yongkang, ZENG Ping, WANG Hongzhi. Safety and Clinical Efficacy of PD-1 on Advanced Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2020, 47(4): 298-302. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2020.19.1112
    [9]ZOU Hanhui, Li Tao. Research Progress of PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibitors in (Neo) Adjuvant Therapy for Malignant Melanoma[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2020, 47(2): 141-146. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2020.19.0945
    [10]LIU Liwei, LIU Bo, ZHOU Min, SUN Honghao, PAN Yueyin. Improvement of Cytotoxicity of Autologous CD3AK Cells in Breast Cancer Patients to MCF-7/adr Cells by Suppressing PD-1 Expression[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2017, 44(9): 580-584. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2017.17.0154

  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(1)

    1. 秦汝男，刘保峰，李旭东，李培，曾强. 不同类型程序性细胞死亡在苯致血液毒性作用中的研究进展. 现代预防医学. 2024(08): 1390-1395+1419 .

    Other cited types(2)

Catalog

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML
    Article views (3474) PDF downloads (1396) Cited by(3)
    Turn off MathJax
    Article Contents
    Abstract
    References
    Related Articles

    Contact Us

    Address：116 Zhuodaoquan South Road,
    Hongshan District, Wuhan（430079）

    Tel：027－87670126

    Email：zlfzyjzz@vip.163.com

    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

    Email Alert RSS
    Total visits：20081338 Visits today：16981

    Copyright © Editorial Department of Cancer Prevention Research 鄂公网安备 42011102005013号 鄂ICP备2022015867号

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd.  Baidu Analytics

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return