2020 Vol. 47 No. 10
Urinary incontinence is the most common adverse effects after radical prostatectomy, and it significantly impacts patients' quality of life after surgery. With the discovery of the fine anatomical structure of the prostate and the popularization of the concept of neurovascular bundle-sparing during surgery, the incidence of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy has been significantly reduced. Depending on the degree of urinary incontinence, the current treatment strategies include conservative treatment, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, urethral bulking agents injection, male sling and artificial urethral sphincter. This article reviews the current status of treatment of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy, summarizes the scope of application, advantages and disadvantages of different treatment options and prospects for new treatment options in the future.
To investigate the effect of miR-214 on the apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells by regulating the activation of AKT signaling pathway through targeting PTEN.
The 5-8F and 6-10B NPC cells were transfected with miR-214 inhibitor. MTT assay was performed to assess cell proliferation. Annexin-V/PI staining assay was used to evaluate cell apoptosis. The effects of miR-214 inhibitor on the expression levels of PTEN, AKT signaling pathway and apoptosis-associated proteins were assessed by Western blot or real-time PCR assay. PTEN were knocked down using the corresponding shRNA to investigate the effect of miR-214 inhibitor on the apoptosis of NPC cells.
miR-214 inhibitor suppressed the growth and induced the apoptosis of 5-8F and 6-10B cells. miR-214 regulated the expression of PTEN through targeting the 3'-UTR. Inhibition of miR-214 promoted PTEN expression, inactivated AKT signaling pathway, and then regulated downstream cell cycle and apoptosis-associated proteins expression. Knockdown of PTEN reversed the effects of miR-214 inhibitor on AKT signaling and cell apoptosis.
miR-214 could regulate the apoptosis of NPC cells through directly targeting PTEN and then activating AKT signaling pathway.
To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of targeted knockdown of MyT1 on the migration, invasion and adhesion of human glioblastoma cells.
shRNA specifically targeting MyT1 gene was designed, and the packaged lentivirus was used to infect human glioblastoma U-118MG and U-87MG cells. The expression levels of MyT1 mRNA and protein in U-118MG and U-87MG cells were detected by qPCR and Western blot. The migration, invasion and adhesion of U-118MG and U-87MG cells were respectively detected by BrdU assay, cell would healing assay, Transwell assay and adhesion assay. The expression levels of genes related to cell adhesion and tumor metastasis were detected by qPCR.
The lentivirus specifically targeting MyT1 gene was successfully packaged in HEK293T cells and then infected U-118MG and U-87MG cells. The expression levels of MyT1 mRNA and protein were significantly down-regulated (both P < 0.05), and the migration, invasion and adhesion abilities of cells were decreased (all P < 0.05). The expression level of cell adhesion-related genes decreased significantly, while the expression level of tumor metastasis-related genes increased significantly (both P < 0.05).
Targeted knockdown of MyT1 gene inhibits the migration, invasion and adhesion of human glioblastoma U-118MG and U-87MG cells, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of cell adhesion- and tumor metastasis-related genes expression. MyT1 may be a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma.
To explore the relation between the single nucleotide polymorphism of genes in estrogen receptor signaling pathway and the risk of brain metastasis in NSCLC with EGFR mutation.
Genomic DNA was extracted from 105 whole blood samples of NSCLC with EGFR mutation. Seven SNPs in ESR1 and ESR2 genes were selected. Subsequently, the genotypes of these seven SNPs in 105 patients were detected. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the association between genotype and cumulative brain metastasis rate. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between genotype variants and the occurrence of brain metastasis.
The GA/AA genotype of ESR1: rs2982685 and AC/CC genotype of ESR2: rs3020443 were associated with high risk of brain metastasis (HR=5.845, 95%CI: 1.979-17.263, P=0.001; HR=5.288, 95%CI: 1.859-15.036, P=0.002).
Gene mutations in the estrogen receptor signaling pathway can predict the risk of brain metastases in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations.
To investigate the association between family history of malignant neoplasms (MN-FH) and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with breast cancer.
We analyzed retrospectively the clinical data of 417 breast cancer patients in Zhong Da Hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. Patients were grouped based on MN-FH or non-MN-FH. The clinical and pathological features of the patients were analyzed by χ2 test.
Among 417 breast cancer patients, 67(16.1%) cases had MN-FH. Compared with non-MN-FH group, MN-FH group had higher proportion of vascular thrombosis (P=0.046), lymph node metastasis (P=0.023), ER negative (P=0.025), PR negative (P=0.031) and HER2 positive (P=0.041). In the further subgroup analysis, compared with non-MN-FH patients, patients with breast cancer history had higher tumor stage (P=0.011) and the tumors were more likely to be triple-negative and HER2-positive (P=0.010). Breast cancer patients with family history of other malignant tumors had higher proportion of vascular thrombosis (P=0.036) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.034).
Breast cancer patients with MN-FH have higher degree than non-MN-FH patients. For people with MN-FH, physical examination is very important.
To explore the predictive effect of systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) on pathological complete response (pCR) of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its relation with p53.
We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological data of 387 female breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery. Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses.
In this study, 72 (18.6%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and obtained pCR, including 48 patients in the low SII group and 24 patients in the high SII group; 39 cases in the p53 negative group and 33 cases in the positive group. Univariate analysis showed that pCR was correlated with clinical T stage, hormone receptor status, HER2, Ki67 value, molecular subtype, p53 and SII (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that clinical T stage, Ki67 value, molecular typing, p53 and SII were independent predictors of pCR in breast cancer patients. The pCR rate of the low SII group with negative p53 was the highest.
Systemic immune inflammation index is an independent predictor of pathological complete response of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with the characteristics of simplicity, convenience and high repeatability. The pCR rate of patients in the low SII group with negative p53 is high.
To explore the advantages and disadvantages of S-poly(T) plus qRT-PCR and Poly (A) qRT-PCR methods in detecting peripheral blood serum miR-199.
S-poly(T) plus RT-PCR and Poly(A) qRT-PCR methods were used to detect the serum miR-199 in patients with liver cancer and healthy controls in three aspects of sensitivity, linearity and repeatability to evaluate their potential clinical value.
The Ct values of S-poly(T) plus qRT-PCR method for miR-199 in healthy controls was significantly lower than that of Poly(A) qRT-PCR method (P < 0.0001); and the S-poly(T) plus qRT-PCR method had better linear correlation (P=0.0027) and repeatability (P=0.010). S-poly(T) plus qRT-PCR method had better sensitivity in detecting serum miR-199 in liver cancer patients comparing with Poly (A) qRT-PCR method.
In the detection of liver cancer serum miR-199, S-poly(T) plus qRT-PCR method is more sensitive, repeatable and stable than Poly(A) qRT-PCR.
To explore the application value of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) on non-radical appendiceal low-grade pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP).
We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 300 patients with non-radical appendiceal-origin low-grade PMP, and the prognostic factors and therapeutic value of HIPEC.
The 10-year overall survival(OS) of 237 cases treated with HIPEC was significantly higher than that without HIPEC (52% vs. 26%, P < 0.001); the 10-year OS of the patients treated with intra- and post-operative HIPEC was also significantly higher than that with intraoperative HIPEC (57% vs. 44%, P=0.004). Univariate analysis showed that HIPEC, radical degree, PCI > 30 before tumor reduction, PCI > 30 after tumor reduction and CA199 abnormality were prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that without HIPEC and CA125 abnormality were independent risk factors for poor prognosis.
For appendiceal low-grade PMP patients who cannot achieve complete cytoreduction, palliative maximal cytoreductive combined with HIPEC could significantly improve the long-term prognosis.
During the epidemic of COVID-19, the routine clinical treatment for gynecological cancer patients has been disturbed due to the redistribution of medical resource. Due to the systemic immunosuppression caused by the malignancy and anticancer treatments, gynecological cancer patients are more susceptible to COVID-19. With the improvement of the epidemic, the treatment needs of gynecological cancer patients are extremely strong. During this special period, it should carefully identify fever and respiratory symptoms of gynecological cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, immunotherapy and operations. Therefore, it is quite necessary to carry out comprehensive clinical management. We introduce a clinical management of gynecological cancer patients in three aspects of outpatient, in-hospital and out-of-hospital management during this period, in order to maximize the treatment of tumors and effectively prevent COVID-19.
To investigate the correlation between aerosol optical depth based on satellite remote sensing data and lung cancer incidence.
The aerosol optical depth data of Zhejiang Province was derived from the secondary level aerosol product synthesized from the data of the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) carried by the American polar-orbiting satellites Terra and Aqua with a spatial resolution of 10 km. The data of lung cancer incidence in tumor registration area of Zhejiang Province in 2015 was from Annual Report of Cancer Registration in China in 2018.
From 2010 to 2014, the average aerosol optical depth levels of Zhejiang Province were 0.389±0.108, 0.539±0.146, 0.485±0.134, 0.458±0.140 and 0.550±0.149, respectively. The average aerosol optical depth in Zhejiang Province cancer registration area from 2010 to 2014 was 0.524±0.141, with 0.533±0.132 in urban area and 0.518±0.153 in rural area. The annual aerosol optical depth values in urban and rural areas had no statistical difference (all P > 0.05). Taken interquartile range of aerosol optical depth level as the boundary, the lung cancer incidence in Q1(P0-P25), Q2(P25-P50), Q3(P50-P75) and Q4(P75-P100) areas were 49.44/105, 76.58/105, 72.40/105 and 84.02/105, respectively. There was statistical differences in the incidence of lung cancer in different aerosol optical depth regions (P < 0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that aerosol optical depth and per capita disposable income were statistically significant influencing factors for lung cancer incidence from 2010 to 2014 (P < 0.05).
Based on the satellite remote sensing data, the aerosol optical depth has a statistically significant correlation with the lung cancer incidence. The aerosol optical depth can reflect the risk of lung cancer clearly and can be used as a valuable indicator to monitor environmental quality.
To investigate the mortality trends of stomach cancer from 1972 to 2016 in Qidong, Jiangsu Province.
We collected and analyzed the mortality of stomach cancer in Qidong from 1972 to 2016 by gender and age from the cancer registry data. Statistics parameter included crude mortality rate(CR), China age-standardized rate(CASR), World age-standardized rate(WASR), truncated rate 35-64 year old, cumulative rate 0-74 year old, cumulative risk and annual percentage change(APC).
There were 15863 stomach cancer deaths, accounting for 16.04% of all cancer deaths. The CR, CASR and WASR were 31.37/105, 21.66/105 and 21.39/105, respectively. The truncated rate 35-64 year old, cumulative rate 0-74 year old and cumulative risk were 28.86/105, 2.54% and 2.51%, respectively. CR, CASR and WASR were 40.53/105, 28.52/105 and 30.13/105 for 10 114 male cancer deaths and 22.45/105, 15.21/105 and 13.92/105 for 5749 female cancer deaths, respectively. The age-specific mortality curve showed that the mortality rate increased with age, and the peak age groups of male and female mortality were both the ≥80-year-old group, which were 365.44/105 and 185.26/105, respectively. The 45-year APC values of CR, CASR and WASR for gastric cancer were 0.55% (male: 0.56%, female: 0.50%), -2.08% (male: -2.29%, female: -1.91%) and -2.12% (male: -2.23%, female: -2.02%) (all P < 0.05).
Although the standardized mortality of gastric cancer in Qidong from 1972 to 2016 is gradually decreasing, the crude mortality is increasing. Effective prevention and control measures should be adopted according to local conditions.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), also known as machine intelligence, is a technology that implements human-like intelligent behavior through computer programs. AI has powerful data processing functions and is currently used in many fields, including face recognition, language recognition, image processing and data mining. Based on a large number of written medical records of patients with malignant tumors and various examination materials, AI has unique advantages in assisting the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. AI can quantify tumor image information that cannot be recognized by the naked eye and operationally link them. It can integrate different types of data streams into a comprehensive tumor diagnosis system, including images, pathological images, genetic analysis data and even electronic health records. This article will review the basic principles of AI and its application progress in assisting the diagnosis of malignant tumors.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a kind of stem cells with high self-renewal ability and multi-directional differentiation potential. They can differentiate into a variety of different cells. Studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXO) are the main components of tumor microenvironment and play an important role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. Exosomes are a kind of extracellular vesicles secreted by eukaryotic cells; they can transmit bioactive molecules such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins between cells, and they widely participate in the exchange of information between cells. This article reviews the role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in malignant tumors and their application prospect.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor in the digestive tract. In recent years, its incidence and mortality have been on the rise. It begins with benign adenomatous polyps on the inner walls of the large intestine, colon and rectum, and can gradually progress to advanced adenomatous carcinoma in situ and aggressive carcinoma. More and more studies have shown that LncRNA is involved in various regulatory mechanisms of colorectal cancer and promotes or inhibits the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the regulatory mechanism of colorectal cancer-related LncRNA.
Long noncoding RNAs, which lack protein-coding capacity, regulate various biological processes through diverse molecular mechanisms. lincRNA-p21 is a tumor suppressor gene and related to p53. lincRNA-p21 regulates p53 through MDM2, ING1b, p21 and other targets, to participate in the regulation of cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis. lincRNA-p21 coordinates the Warburg effect through HIF-1α and participates in various biological functions. lincRNA-p21 is closely related to the prognosis and treatment of tumors. Therefore, lincRNA-p21 can be used as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This paper reviews the recent progress in biological function of lincRNA-p21 and its mechanism in diseases.