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摘要:目的
探讨术前中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(LMR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)对预测骨肉瘤患者预后的影响。
方法回顾性分析接受同样治疗方案的70例骨肉瘤患者的临床和生存资料,计算出初次确诊为骨肉瘤时的NLR、PLR和LMR,ROC曲线分析NLR、PLR和LMR的AUC值并确定最佳预测诊断截断值后分高低两组,Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,Cox比例风险回归模型分析预后因素。
结果以NLR=3.025、LMR=4.82和PLR=111.5为界,高NLR组患者的3、5年生存率分别为42.0%、28.0%,低NLR组分别为73.9%、60.2%(P=0.002),高LMR组分别为71.1%、55.3%(P < 0.001),低LMR组分别为33.3%、10.4%,高PLR组分别为30.8%、23.8%,低PLR组分别为63.6%、56.6%(P=0.001)。单因素分析显示NLR、PLR及LMR水平、肺转移均与患者死亡明显相关(P < 0.05),多因素Cox回归分析显示NLR及LMR水平是影响患者总生存率的独立预后因素。
结论NLR、LMR水平是预测骨肉瘤患者预后的指标之一,NLR > 3.025、LMR < 4.82者生存期较短,可能需更积极化疗和密切随访改善临床治疗结果。
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关键词:
- 骨肉瘤 /
- 中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值 /
- 单核细胞淋巴细胞比值 /
- 血小板淋巴细胞比值
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore prognostic value of pre-treatment NLR, PLR and LMR in patients with osteosarcoma.
MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical and survival data of 70 patients with osteosarcoma who received the same treatment regimen and calculated the NLR, PLR and LMR at initial diagnosis of osteosarcoma. ROC analysis was used to analyze the AUC and confirm the optimal cut-off value. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for survival curves. Cox regression models were employed to determine the independent prognostic factors.
ResultsNLR=3.025, LMR=4.82 and PLR=111.5. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients with high NLR were 42.0% and 28.0%, while those in the low NLR group were 73.9% and 60.2% (P=0.002). The 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients in the high LMR group were 71.1% and 55.3% (P < 0.001), while those in the low LMR group were 33.3% and 10.4%. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients with high PLR were 30.8% and 23.8%, while those in the low PLR group were 63.6% and 56.6% (P=0.001). Univariate analysis showed that NLR, PLR, LMR and lung metastasis were significantly correlated with patients' death (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that NLR and LMR were independent prognostic factors affecting the overall survival of osteosarcoma patients.
ConclusionNLR and LMR levels are the prognostic indicators of patients with osteosarcoma. Patients with NLR > 3.025 and LMR < 4.82 have a short survival period, which may need more aggressive chemotherapy and close follow-up to improve clinical treatment results.
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Key words:
- Osteosarcoma /
- NLR /
- PLR /
- LMR
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0 引言
骨肉瘤(osteosarcoma)是严重威胁人类健康和生命的一种原发性、恶性、成骨性肿瘤,在我国发生率约为3/100万,好发于15~25岁的青少年,好发部位在股骨远端、胫骨近端等血运丰富的干骺端,肺部转移是死亡的主要原因[1]。尽管近几十年来骨肉瘤的诊断和治疗取得了很大进展,患者五年生存率提高至80%[2],但原发性骨肉瘤患者行手术切除后局部复发或转移等并发症导致治疗效果仍令人不满意,患者的致残率、死亡率仍然较高,长期预后不理想。越来越多证据表明,不同类型恶性肿瘤的预后和临床治疗结果不仅取决于临床治疗方式和病理特征,还取决于宿主相关炎性反应和免疫功能状态[3-5]。肿瘤微环境相关炎性反应具有显著促癌作用,包括血管生成和转移、破坏适应性免疫反应及促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和存活[6-7];良好的免疫状态具有抑制肿瘤作用,免疫细胞通常存在于癌症微环境中杀灭肿瘤细胞[8]。很多研究人员对肿瘤微环境和血液循环中局部或全身炎性反应以及免疫功能状态的候选生物标志物进行了研究,希望对癌症行为的预防有更深入的了解。然而,研究这些生物标志物成本昂贵,工作繁冗,可能临床上无法广泛检测。因此,开发廉价、可靠和容易获得的预后标志物是非常有价值的研究目标[9]。在这方面,一些炎性反应生物标记和血液指标与多种疾病临床结果之间的密切关系引起了学者们的兴趣,包括中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(LMR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR),它们一直用于评估各种恶性肿瘤预后。本回顾性研究中,根据资料和相关医学文献,分析既往骨肉瘤患者的外周血中NLR、PLR和LMR与预后因素是否相关,以求寻找可靠的预后预测指标,临床上指导术前、术后积极治疗和密切随访。
1 资料与方法
1.1 病例资料
收集2012年6月—2017年6月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院骨肿瘤外科接受治疗的骨肉瘤患者70例。其中男32例、女38例;年龄7~64岁;汉族18例、维吾尔族36例、哈萨克族8例、其他民族8例;股骨43例、胫骨15例、肱骨9例、其他部位3例。入组标准:组织学确诊的骨肉瘤患者。排除标准:确诊前两周输血或献血;确诊前两周使用过促血小板、白细胞生成药;确诊时存在感染;有除骨肉瘤外其他严重基础疾病及激素服药史。
收集该70例骨肉瘤患者首次确诊时的血常规结果、性别、年龄、主诉、肺转移情况及3年、5年生存率等资料进行分析。
1.2 随访
以病历或电话等方式进行随访,记录随访结束时患者的生存状态。以骨肉瘤相关死亡及>60月为事件终点,全部生存时间为12月~60月,中位生存时间为45月。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS21.0软件进行数据统计分析,以α=0.05作为组间比较的检验水准。对于描述性统计量,分类资料用例数和百分数(%)表示。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线确定指标的截断值(Cut-off)。卡方检验比较各组间的差异。Kaplan-Meier法得出各组的5年生存率和3年生存率,用Log rank法检验组间的生存率差异。Cox比率风险回归模型对可能影响预后的因素进行风险评估。
2 结果
2.1 NLR、LMR、PLR的ROC曲线分析结果
ROC曲线分析结果显示,NLR预测最佳诊断Cut-off值为3.025,诊断的敏感度与特异性分别是80.9%、66.7%,LMR预测最佳诊断Cut-off值为4.82,诊断的敏感度与特异性分别是74.5%、76.2%,PLR预测最佳诊断Cut-off值为111.5,诊断的敏感度与特异度分别是48.9%、95.2%,均诊断价值较高,见表 1。
表 1 NLR、LMR和PLR的ROC结果Table 1 ROC results of NLR, LMR and PLR2.2 骨肉瘤患者的NLR、LMR和PLR与临床病理特征的关系
高低NLR、LMR、PLR组间的死亡率差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),NLR、PLR高组的死亡率均显著高于低组,LMR高组的死亡率均显著低于低组;且低LMR组的主诉为疼痛的概率显著高于高LMR组。组间性别、年龄、民族、部位、是否肺转移等临床特征比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表 2。
表 2 术前NLR、LMR、PLR与临床病理特征的关系(n)Table 2 Relation between preoperative NLR, LMR, PLR and clinicopathological data of patients with osteosarcoma (n)2.3 骨肉瘤患者预后影响因素的Kaplan-Meier单因素分析
经Kaplan-Meier单因素生存分析,70例骨肉瘤患者总的3年生存率为54.2%,5年生存率为41.0%,中位生存时间为45.0月,高NLR组患者的3年、5年生存率为42.0%、28.0%,低NLR组的3年、5年生存率为73.9%、60.2%(P=0.002),高LMR组患者的3年、5年生存率为71.1%、55.3%(P < 0.001),低LMR组的3年、5年生存率为33.3%、10.4%,高PLR组患者的3年、5年生存率为30.8%、23.8%,低PLR组的3年、5年生存率为63.6%、56.6%(P=0.001)。高低NLR、LMR、PLR组间的生存率差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),且NLR、PLR越低,生存率越高;LMR越高,生存率越高;是否肺转移与生存率有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。其余不同特征人群的生存率比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表 3。
表 3 骨肉瘤患者预后影响因素的K-M单因素分析结果Table 3 K-M univariate analysis results of prognostic factors of patients with osteosarcoma2.4 骨肉瘤患者预后影响因素的Cox回归分析
Cox回归分析结果显示,NLR、LMR两个指标与患者死亡存在显著相关性(P < 0.05)。NLR每增加一个单位,死亡率增加2.961倍(OR=2.961);LMR每增加一个单位,死亡率下降0.606倍(OR=0.394);而PLR指标不是影响患者死亡的独立影响因素(P > 0.05),见表 4。
表 4 NLR、LMR和PLR与患者死亡相关性的Cox多因素分析Table 4 Correlation of patients' death with NLR, LMR and PLR analyzed by Cox multivariate analysis3 讨论
炎性反应和癌症之间的联系早在一个多世纪前就已为人所知,但在不同类型的癌症中,炎性反应标志物与预后之间的关系近期才被发现[10-15]。据报道NLR、LMR和PLR与全身不同类型癌症患者的生存期显著相关,在肝癌、口腔癌、结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、乳腺癌、淋巴瘤、胃癌中均报道高NLR与预后不良相关[15-22],在乳腺癌、淋巴瘤、胃癌、肺癌、舌癌、转移性结直肠癌、子宫颈癌中,低LMR与生存期缩短有显著相关性[20-27],还有子宫内膜癌、乳腺癌均报道PLR与预后不良相关[18, 20, 28]。然而,国内外对于骨肉瘤炎性反应生物标志物的预后作用研究较少。本研究尝试以外周血NLR、LMR、PLR值作为评估骨肿瘤患者的预后指标,并建立预测模型以提高预测准确性,由于外周血细胞计数检测在所有癌症患者中常规进行,因此它是一种简单、可重复、廉价的炎性反应参数,也是一种可作为评估预后的生物标志物。相关文献显示:(1)外周血淋巴细胞可以迁移至肿瘤微环境中,形成肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,从而抑制肿瘤的生长及转移[29];(2)外周血中性粒细胞通过产生细胞因子和趋化因子与肿瘤细胞相互作用,进而影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、血管生成和转移[30];(3)单核细胞分泌多种促炎细胞因子,如白介素(IL)-1、IL-6、IL-10和肿瘤坏死factor-α,一直与患者短生存和预后差相关[31]。此外,来自循环单核细胞的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞抑制适应性免疫,促进血管生成、侵袭、迁移和肿瘤生长[32];(4)在肿瘤微环境相关研究中揭示血小板可促进血管生成、肿瘤的增殖、侵袭等恶性生物学行为[33]。
3.1 NLR
NLR反映宿主的炎性反应和肿瘤的进展程度。由于中性粒细胞增多或淋巴细胞降低,对肿瘤细胞的繁殖提供良好的微环境,高NLR与较差的预后相关。有研究[34-35]发现NLR是影响骨肉瘤患者预后的独立因素,本研究也证实了这一指标作为预测骨肉瘤患者预后的可靠性。单因素分析提示高NLR为影响骨肉瘤患者的死亡因素,低NLR组的生存期明显高于高NLR组,多因素分析提示NLR为影响骨肉瘤患者总生存的独立预后因素,与骨肉瘤预后呈负相关性,提示NLR可作为骨肉瘤患者的预后价值。
3.2 LMR
LMR反映宿主的免疫状态和肿瘤的进展程度。由于淋巴细胞较少和单核细胞升高反映了抗肿瘤免疫不足,且肿瘤的负荷增加,低LMR与较差的预后相关。本研究单因素分析提示LMR为影响骨肉瘤患者死亡的因素,多因素分析提示LMR为影响总生存的独立预后因素,与骨肉瘤的预后呈正相关性。提示LMR可作为骨肉瘤患者的预后价值。有研究[35-36]发现低LMR与骨肉瘤预后不良有关,对软组织肉瘤的预后分析也发现,该指标可作为影响软组织肉瘤预后的独立危险因素[37],均与本研究结果一致。
3.3 PLR
杨万波等[35]研究发现高PLR预示骨肉瘤较差的临床预后。虽然本研究单因素分析提示高PLR为影响骨肉瘤死亡因素,但多因素分析提示PLR与3年、5年生存率无统计学差异,不是骨肉瘤生存的独立预后因素。
本研究存在一定局限性:首先,这项研究是单一回顾性研究,小群体70例;其次,未对该人群的肿瘤微环境进行正式的调查。肿瘤微环境是一个复杂的演化系统,具有多种非恶性细胞和多种恶性克隆。未来的研究应将外周血淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞计数及血小板绝对计数与微环境数据联系起来;最后,骨肉瘤患者术后的治疗存在一定的异质性,导致了不同的临床预后。因此,需要进一步的前瞻性研究来阐明骨肉瘤患者LMR、NLR、PLR与预后的关系。
综上所述,术前NLR、LMR与骨肉瘤患者的临床预后有关。NLR > 3.025、LMR < 4.82者生存期较短,可能需要更积极的化疗和密切的随访来改善临床治疗结果,而PLR对骨肉瘤预后的影响不大。未来有必要对LMR、NLR、PLR设计严密的前瞻性研究,以进一步证实本研究结论。
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.作者贡献叶尔哈那提·胡杜斯:收集、整理资料、文献检索及论文撰写阿尔恒别克·吐汗拜:数据统计分析、修改核对文章艾克拜尔·尤努斯:研究设计、指导及审阅文章 -
表 1 NLR、LMR和PLR的ROC结果
Table 1 ROC results of NLR, LMR and PLR
表 2 术前NLR、LMR、PLR与临床病理特征的关系(n)
Table 2 Relation between preoperative NLR, LMR, PLR and clinicopathological data of patients with osteosarcoma (n)
表 3 骨肉瘤患者预后影响因素的K-M单因素分析结果
Table 3 K-M univariate analysis results of prognostic factors of patients with osteosarcoma
表 4 NLR、LMR和PLR与患者死亡相关性的Cox多因素分析
Table 4 Correlation of patients' death with NLR, LMR and PLR analyzed by Cox multivariate analysis
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