Abstract: Colorectal cancer is one of the top three malignant tumors in the world. With the rapid development of medical technology and the strengthening of national awareness of cancer screening, rectal cancer has been diagnosed and treated timely. At present, the application of low rectal tumor preservation operation is becoming more and more common. Anastomotic leakage and anterior resection syndrome are the most common complications of low rectal cancer. How to preserve anal and reduce the incidence of complications has always been the concern of scholars at home and abroad. In order to improve the survival time and quality of life of patients with low rectal cancer, this paper expounds five key problems: fully preoperative evaluation of anorectal function and staging, reasonable neoadjuvant therapy, safe distal margin, the selection of surgical methods and the timing of preventive stoma.