Abstract: He'nan Medical Team has stationed in Lin county(now Linzhou City) of He'nan Province for 60 years since November 1959 to carry out prevention and treatment research on high incidence of esophageal cancer. In the past 60 years, three generations of medical experts in He'nan Province have made a series of remarkable scientific research achievements in the molecular mechanism and early detection of esophageal cancer, intervention and prevention methods of precancerous lesions, and benefited thousands of patients. Based on the 34-year research of esophageal cancer prevention and treatment in our research group, this paper focuses on the understanding and thinking about the epidemic characteristics, key scientific issues and important research directions of esophageal cancer in China, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer.