Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract. Its occurrence is multistage: hepatitis-cirrhosis-precancerous lesion-HCC. The mechanism of malignant transformation from precancerous lesions to hepatocellular carcinoma is not completely clear, which may be affected by the polarization direction of Kupper cells. Kupffer cells are special monocyte macrophages in the liver. They can differentiate into M1 and M2 phenotypes in different microenvironments. They have different functions and play a role in inhibiting or promoting cancer in hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies have found that a variety of miRNAs and LncRNAs can target Kupffer polarization-related proteins to regulate their polarization direction, thereby affecting the occurrence, development and malignant transformation of precancerous lesions of the liver and reducing the incidence of liver cancer. This article mainly elaborates the frontier progress of the above researches, and provides a reference for the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.