Research Progress on Mechanisms and Optimization Methods for Toxicity Induced by Antibody–Drug Conjugates
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摘要:
自2000年抗体-药物偶联物(ADC)——针对CD33的Gemtuzumab ozogamicin(吉妥珠单抗)获批以来,到目前为止,获得FDA批准的药物已经有13种。该类药物虽然明显改善了多种类型晚期癌症患者的生存,但其明显的毒性却导致患者的治疗获益受损。ADC药物的不良反应具有复杂性,包括靶内和靶外毒性,其中载荷药物是决定因素,但抗体、连接剂均可能影响毒性程度。随着联合治疗成为抗肿瘤治疗的重要策略,在增加疗效的同时,治疗相关不良反应也相应增加。因此,本综述全面分析了当前ADC药物的毒性发生机制,并提出通过多方面优化策略来减小ADC药物毒性,如优化连接分子、升级抗体设计、改变给药策略等。
Abstract:Since the approval of gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) targeting CD33 in 2000, 13 ADC drugs have been approved by the FDA. Although these drugs have clearly improved the survival of patients with various types of advanced cancers, their significant toxicity has compromised their therapeutic benefits. The adverse reactions of ADC drugs are complex and include on-target and off-target toxicities, where the payload drug is a determining factor. Antibody and linker may also affect the degree of toxicity. Combination therapy becomes an important strategy in anticancer treatment because of its increased efficiency, but treatment-related adverse reactions also increase accordingly. This review comprehensively analyzes the toxicity mechanisms of current ADC drugs and proposes various optimization strategies, including but not limited to optimizing linker molecules, upgrading antibody design, and changing drug administration strategies, to improve the overall safety profile of ADC drugs.
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Key words:
- Antibody-drug conjugates /
- Targeted therapy /
- Toxicity /
- Optimization strategies
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0 引言
前列腺癌是美国男性癌症发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,且在包括中国在内的发展中国家也呈现上升趋势[1-2]。手术、放疗和内分泌治疗作为主要的治疗手段,使局部晚期前列腺癌的生存率已得到很大的提高[2-4],生存质量也逐渐成为影响治疗模式的重要因素[5]。我们前期对同期放疗联合内分泌治疗的局部晚期前列腺癌患者进行长达8年的随访[6],发现乏力也是影响生存质量的重要临床症状。调查表可以作为主要的调查方式对前列腺癌患者的生存进行直观和有效的分析[7]。目前对前列腺癌放疗后的生存质量研究中并未见有关乏力症状的相关报道[6, 8-9]。本研究应用问卷调查的方法对接受同期放疗联合内分泌治疗的患者进行随访,评价该治疗模式对乏力症状的影响,初步探讨癌症相关性乏力与临床指标的关系。
1 资料与方法
1.1 病例入组条件
选取2008年2月至2012年12月就诊于南京军区福州总医院、经病理组织学证实的前列腺癌患者。ECOG评分≤2分,影像学检查排除远处脏器转移,既往无肿瘤病史。且满足以下任何一项:(1) Gleason评分8~10分;(2) 血清PSA(prostate-specific antigen)≥20 ng/ml;(3) 磁共振检查提示为T3期或者T4期(肿瘤浸透前列腺包膜或者肿瘤侵犯精囊外其他邻近结构,如膀胱颈、外括约肌、直肠、提肛肌、盆壁),伴或不伴区域淋巴结转移。
1.2 放射治疗
采用三维适形调强放射治疗。CT定位扫描范围从L2到坐骨下缘以下10 cm。将图像传输至治疗计划系统(CMS4.0计划系统)。根据CT扫描图像结合盆腔MR影像学检查,勾画临床肿瘤靶区(CTV),包括前列腺、精囊腺及盆腔淋巴结引流区。其中前列腺勾画全部组织及包膜,盆腔淋巴结引流区勾画参照美国放疗肿瘤协会(RTOG)盆腔预防淋巴结引流区勾画建议,同时勾画危及器官(OAR)轮廓,如直肠、膀胱、股骨头、PTV(planning target volume)以外的肠腔、阴茎球部。PTV为CTV前上下左右均匀外扩0.5 cm,后外方向扩0.3 cm。盆腔淋巴结GTV的勾画标准为短径≥1.0 cm。物理师按要求为每例患者制定治疗计划,全部计划经组织非均匀性校正,处方剂量72.6 Gy,2.2 Gy/f,1次/天,5次/周,共33次;盆腔淋巴结引流区预防照射处方剂量为1.7 Gy/f,共33次,总剂量为56.1 Gy。要求95%PTV体积接受100%以上的处方照射剂量,直肠、膀胱均为V70≤25%,双侧股骨头V50≤5%,耻骨V70≤25%。
1.3 内分泌治疗
在放疗第1天联合应用口服康士德50毫克/次,每日1次,皮下注射诺雷德3.6 mg,每28天1次,持续30月。
1.4 疲乏症状调查
采用FSI量表(Fatigue Symptom Inventory,FSI)进行评分[10]。问卷调查的内容共13条,有包括近1周疲劳程度、对生存质量影响程度、疲劳持续时间3个维度。疲劳程度要求对近1周来自我感觉最严重、最轻、平均程度和现在的疲劳程度4个项目进行评分。对生存质量影响程度包括近1周疲劳对日常活动、洗漱、工作、注意力、与他人交往、娱乐活动和情绪等7个方面的影响进行评分。疲劳持续时间包括疲劳的天数和平均每天疲劳的时间。得分越高表示疲劳越严重。问卷调查时间采集点包括,治疗前(时间A)、放疗结束当天(时间B)、放疗结束后3月(时间C)、放疗结束后12月(时间D)、放疗结束后24月(时间E)、放疗结束后36月(时间F)、放疗结束后48月(时间G)。
1.5 问卷调查方法及数据脱落处理
在时间点A、B和C,由医生和患者共同完成。其余时间观察点均通过信件方式进行随访,如果在4周内未收到回信,则由医生通过电话方式填写问卷。问卷的每个维度至少有一项得分,否则予以剔除;随访期间出现脏器转移、生化复发、失访或者死亡,病例予以脱落;全部完成题组的问卷以实际得分计算相应维度的得分;部分完成题组的问卷则以平均分计算相应维度的得分。
1.6 统计学方法
运用SPSS13.0软件,临床资料以均值±标准差表示,FSI问卷调查表中所有维度的得分以均值表示,用卡方检验验证正态性分布;描述性t检验检测组间差异性;以时间点A为参照对象,评价各个维度的变化,Wilcoxon rank-sum test用于比较单一样本的变化率;各个时间点的得分与时间点A的得分组间比较用Mann-Whitney test。GraphPad Prism5绘制折线图。Logistic多分类回归模型评价癌症相关性乏力与相关影响因素的关系。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般资料和问卷调查情况
共有126例符合纳入标准的前列腺癌患者收住入院,其中97例(76.9%)患者同意参加长期的随访问卷调查。入组患者的一般资料及放疗计划相关数据,见表 1。中位随访时间43.9月(14.5~72.6月)。所有患者均顺利完成治疗。各个时间点随访有效问卷数:时间点A和B均为97份;时间点C(95份):2例骨转移;时间点D(86份):5例生化复发,失访2例,2例死亡;时间点E(74份):3例生化复发,失访6例,死亡1例,远处转移2例;时间点F(63份):2例生化复发,失访4例,死亡5例;时间点G(61份):失访1例,骨转移1例。
表 1 入组患者的临床资料与疲乏指数的关系Table 1 Relationship of Clinical data and fatigue index of patients enrolled2.2 癌症相关性乏力与临床指标的关系
基线评价中,有关年龄的3个组别中(≤49、50~69、≥70)未体现出差异(P>0.05);Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期的乏力评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PSA>20 ng/ml组的乏力指数高于PSA≤20 ng/ml组,乏力与PSA水平相关;ECOG评分越高,乏力指数越高,且差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05),ECOG评分与乏力呈正相关;Gleason评分越高、文化程度越高,乏力指数越高,见表 1。
2.3 Logistic多分类回归模型
将PSA水平、TNM分期、ECOG评分、Gleason评分及文化程度纳入Logistic多分类回归模型中,结果显示PSA水平和ECOG评分是影响癌症相关性乏力的独立危险因素,见表 2。
表 2 癌性相关性乏力的Logistic多分类回归分析Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of cancer-related fatigue2.4 各时间点FSI积分
三个评价维度中,疲劳程度在随访时间点未出现明显变化,但疲劳最严重的时间主要集中在第3月和第12月。对生活影响维度中,在放疗后第3月,至随访结束,均出现不同程度的加重,且与基线比较差异均有统计学意义;在该维度的子项目中,对日常活动影响最大的主要为放疗后12月至内分泌治疗结束;放疗结束后至内分泌治疗结束,情绪和注意力均出现下降;内分泌治疗结束的各个时间点对工作、社会及娱乐方面均有影响。在整个随访期间,洗漱方面并未出现波动。疲劳持续时间波动最大的为12月至36月;疲劳天数在各个随访点未体现出差异,见表 3。各个维度、子维度中的日常活动影响积分、注意力影响积分和情绪影响积分在不同时间点的乏力积分,见图 1。
表 3 各随访时间点FSI积分Table 3 FSI scores at each follow-up time point3 讨论
美国国家癌症网在2014年的《癌症相关性疲乏实践指南》中提出:癌症相关性疲劳是一种痛苦的、持续的、主观的乏力感或者疲惫感,与活动不成比例,与癌症或癌症治疗相关,常伴有功能障碍。在治疗开始阶段,就必须予以管理和评价[11]。癌症相关性乏力在肿瘤患者中发生率为50%~90%[12]。FSI量表经验证具有较好的信度和效度[13]。
因可能存在过度诊断[14],PSA不应作为年龄<50岁和年龄>75岁患者的常规检测手段,即使对老年男性有部分的生存获益[15-16]。我们研究对象的中位年龄为64岁,验证了前列腺癌好发年龄应>50岁,而且越是局部晚期年龄越高。年龄是影响前列癌发病的因素,但却与乏力无关,ECOG评分越高,乏力程度越重,这与Blackhall等[17]研究一致。这说明乏力与自身的身体机能退化无关,仅仅是主观的感受,ECOG评分从侧面验证了FSI量表的信度,而体能状况是影响生活质量的主要因素[18],及时对乏力进行评估和干预可以改善体能状况,进而提高生活质量[19]。文化程度越高,对前列腺癌的病情了解得越多,但却未深入明白疾病的发病机制及预后,这也在一定程度增加了乏力发生的可能性,而文化程度低的患者,对治疗的依从性更好,在一定程度上可减轻可能诱发乏力的思想负担。随着临床分期的增加,前列腺肿瘤负荷越大,但乏力指数的结果却未体现出差异;而在PSA水平和Gleason评分的分层结果,却存在明显差别。这与乳腺癌的乏力研究结果一致[20],与我们前期对鼻咽癌的乏力研究结果相反[21]。内分泌治疗相关肿瘤的乏力可能与激素水平紊乱有关,造成炎性调节因子失调,过多的释放炎性因子作用于神经系统内分泌系统,从而导致乏力的发生[22]。而实体瘤肿瘤可能与肿瘤负荷变化引起的一系列机体生理反应有关。我们前期研究发现在同期放化疗后的第1年,激素功能水平是影响生活质量的主要因素[6],推断雄激素水平的下降会加重乏力的程度。有关研究证实炎症释放因子(白介素1β、白细胞介素6和肿瘤坏死因子)与乳腺癌和前列腺癌的癌症相关性乏力有关[23-24]。因此对于内分泌治疗相关肿瘤,我们认为癌症相关性乏力与人体免疫系统中炎性因子的增加和皮质醇水平的调节失衡相关[25]。
60%~100%的癌症患者有不同程度的乏力症状,正在进行积极抗肿瘤治疗的患者发生率更高[26]。目前对于癌症相关性乏力的研究比较系统地集中在乳腺癌[27]、肺癌等,且大宗临床研究或者荟萃分析的主题是如何治疗[28-29]。因其机制尚不明确,治疗主要分为药物性干预和非药物性干预,药物性干预主要有:中枢兴奋剂、西洋参、促甲状腺诉释放素等[30-32]。非药物性干预主要有增加运动和心理干预[33-34]。而对前列腺癌相关性乏力的相关报道甚少,尤其是乏力相关症状对生活质量的影响研究更少。为了探讨乏力对局部晚期前列腺癌接受同期放疗联合内分泌治疗造成生活质量的影响,我们在各个研究时间节点,进行具体内容的问卷调查。疲劳程度上在各个时间点无明显变化,但是疲劳的最严重程度在治疗结束后第3月、第12月影响最大。对生活影响的程度在治疗后12月,直至随访结束,都严重困扰着纳入患者。因疾病治疗自身的原因、内分泌治疗后睾酮达到去势水平后引起的激素功能紊乱,造成纳入对象在日常活动、注意力和情绪方面出现波动。采用间断性内分泌治疗相比持续内分泌治疗,似乎能够获得更好的生存质量,包括情感方面等[35]。是否同期调强放射治疗联合间断性内分泌治疗,可带来乏力方面改善,包括乏力量表中子项目的变化,还需更多的临床数据来支持。我们的研究发现乏力影响生活质量主要体现现在日常活动、注意力和情绪3个子项目上。
综上,FSI量表主要是反映过去一周内乏力对生活质量产生的影响情况,时效性差,因随访时间点有限,在前列腺癌长期生存过程当中,无法非常准确地对乏力进行评估;FSI量表子项目只对乏力的具体影响方面进行评分,未能正确将乏力进行分层;随访48月后,共有127例问卷未完整填写,这对乏力的评价造成误差。对于ECOG评分高、Gleason>8分、PSA>20 ng/ml、且文化程度高的局部晚期前列腺癌患者,在接受同期放疗联合内分泌治疗后,要关注乏力对生活质量产生的影响,特别是日常活动、注意力和情绪方面。
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.利益冲突声明:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。作者贡献:贾艳丽:文章撰写、文献查阅、参与讨论和修订李小钰:文献查阅、文章撰写、参与修改和核查范厚武、段文清、胡丽霞、周健、冉凤鸣:文章部分内容审核、修改、文献查阅董 爽:框架设计、内容审核、基金支持 -
表 1 目前获批的13种ADC相关信息
Table 1 Information related to currently approved Thirteen ADCs
ADC Target Linker Loading Major toxicity Recommended dose Indications for use Gemtuzumab
ozogamicinCD33 Cleavable Calicheamicin Neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia,
liver toxicity3 mg/m2 AML Inotuzumab
ozogamicinCD22 Cleavable Calicheamicin Neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia,
liver toxicity1.8 mg/m2,
every 3-4 weeksB-ALL Brentuximab
vedotinCD30 Cleavable MMAE Peripheral neuropathy,
neutropenia, anemia,
skin toxicity1.8 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksHL, sALCL Polatuzumab
vedotinCD79b Cleavable MMAE Peripheral neuropathy,
neutropenia, anemia,
skin toxicity1.8 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksDLBCL Enfortumabvedotin Nectin4 Cleavable MMAE Peripheral neuropathy,
neutropenia, anemia,
skin toxicity1.25mg/kg,
every 4 weeksUrothelial carcinoma Tisotumab Vedotin TF Cleavable MMAE Peripheral neuropathy,
neutropenia, anemia,
skin toxicity2 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksCervical cancer Belantamab
mafodotinBCMA Uncleavable MMAF Thrombocytopenia,
anemia, and ocular
toxicity2.5 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksMultiple myeloma Ado-Trastuzumab
emtansineHer-2 Cleavable DM1 Gastrointestinal
toxicity, fatigue,
thrombocytopenia,
hepatotoxicity,
cardiotoxicity3.6 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksHer2+ Breast cancer Fam-trastuzumab
deruxtecan-nxkiHer-2 Cleavable DXd Gastrointestinal
toxicity, fatigue,
blood toxicity5.4 mg/kg (breast
cancer), 6.4 mg/kg
(gastric cancer),
every 3 weeksHer2+ Breast cancer,
Her2-mutated NSCLC,
Her2+ gastric/
gastroesophageal
junction adenocarcinomaMirvetuximab
soravtansineFolate
receptor
alpha
(FRα)Cleavable DM4 Neutropenia, anemia,
peripheral neuropathy,
and ocular toxicity6 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksEpithelial cancer of the
ovary, fallopian tube, or
primary peritoneal cancerSacituzumab
govitecanTROP-2 Cleavable SN-38 Neutropenia,
gastrointestinal toxicity10 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksmTNBC, Urothelial
carcinomaLoncastuximab
tesirineCD19 Cleavable PBD Peripheral neuropathy,
neutropenia, anemia,
and skin toxicity0.15 mg/kg,
every 3 weeksDLBCL Disitamab vedotin Her-2 Cleavable MMAE Peripheral neuropathy,
neutropenia, anemia,
and skin toxicity2.5 mg/kg,
every 2 weeksThe integration of a
stomach/stomach
esophagus adenocarcinoma,
breast cancer,
urothelial carcinomaNotes: TF: tissue factor; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; B-ALL: B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; HL: Hodgkin’s lymphoma; sALCL: recurrence of systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma; DLBCL: diffuse large B cell lymphoma; NSCLC: non-small-cell lung cancer; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer. -
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