Double Primary Cancer of Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Intrapulmonary and Intrapulmonary Adenocarcinoma Metastasis: A Case Report
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0 引言
甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)来源于滤泡上皮细胞,是最常见的甲状腺恶性肿瘤,PTC发生远处转移较少见,远处转移常见于肺[1],而肺内原发癌内转移性PTC的情况十分罕见。现报道肺浸润性腺癌伴周围肺组织内散在微小转移及肺癌组织内PTC病例1例,对其临床病理、影像特点进行总结及相关文献学习,为临床诊疗提供有益参考。
1 病例资料
患者,男,64岁,2023年4月18日因体检发现肺结节1月余入院。无明显症状,精神状态及生活如常。2023年3月14日胸部增强CT检查提示:右肺上叶后段可见部分实性磨玻璃样结节,大小约25 mm×16 mm,病灶边缘模糊,内可见支气管穿行,增强扫描未见强化,见图 1A;双肺散在数个实性及磨玻璃样结节,直径3~5 mm。4月19日甲状腺超声检查:甲状腺多发低回声结节伴多发点状钙化灶,(2017ACR评分总分:7分;TI-RADS 5类)。4月23日行荧光镜下右上肺段切除术。病理大体检查:梭形肺组织一块,体积11.4 cm×6.2 cm×2.8 cm,切开处见一结节,最大直径2.3 cm,切面灰白灰黑、质稍实,边界不清。术中冰冻病理诊断:肺浸润性腺癌。常规病理显微镜下见:肿瘤由两种成份构成,肿瘤主体呈腺泡状或贴壁生长,细胞排列拥挤,胞浆丰富、嗜酸,核大、深染,部分可见核仁,核分裂相可见;次要肿瘤部分为主癌灶内及周围正常肺组织内见散在分布的肿瘤细胞团,这些细胞呈乳头状排列,细胞胞质嗜酸,核圆形、呈毛玻璃样,核膜增厚,似甲状腺乳头状癌。进一步免疫组织化学检查结果见表 1。病理诊断:结合病理形态学及免疫组织化学表达特点,肿瘤主体为:肺浸润性腺癌(中分化);癌灶内及周边肺组织内见散在的肿瘤细胞巢团考虑为转移性甲状腺乳头状癌,转移灶直径0.2 mm~0.7 mm。
图 1 患者检查资料Figure 1 Examination data of the patientA: contrast-enhanced chest CT showed solid ground-glass nodules in the lung; B: fine-needle aspiration liquid-based cytology of the right lobe of the thyroid revealed cancer cells with 400-fold papanicolaou staining; C: contrast-enhanced CT of the neck showed slightly enhanced nodules in the thyroid gland and enlarged cervical lymph nodes; D: fine-needle aspiration liquid-based cytology of the lymph nodes in the right cervical Ⅲ/Ⅳregions revealed metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma with 400-fold papanicolaou staining; E: gross photography of the pathology of the left lobe of the thyroid gland.表 1 肺内肿瘤免疫组织化学结果Table 1 Immunohistochemical results of intrapulmonary tumors5月17日行甲状腺左、右叶细针穿刺细胞学显示:符合甲状腺乳头状癌,见图 1B。
6月3日再次行甲状腺超声检查发现:甲状腺见多个实性低回声结节,最大径分别约1.0 cm、3.0 cm、2.8 cm,纵横比 < 1,部分边缘模糊,内部回声不均匀,可见多发点状强回声斑,CDFI:内部可见少量血流信号。超声造影观察:结节欠均匀、低增强,边界欠清晰,考虑为甲状腺癌(2017ACR评分总分:7分;TI-RADS 5类)。6月4日行甲状腺CT检查:甲状腺双侧叶及峡部见多发类圆形低密度影,增强呈不均匀轻中度强化,考虑甲状腺癌可能;颈部双侧多肿大淋巴结,考虑部分为淋巴结转移瘤,见图 1C。6月6日行双侧颈部Ⅲ/Ⅳ区淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学检查显示:查见癌细胞,形态支持甲状腺滤泡上皮来源,见图 1D。
6月30日行甲状腺全切术+双侧颈部Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术。甲状腺大体病理检查:甲状腺左叶:组织一块,体积5 cm×2.8 cm×1.9 cm,切面可见四个结节,最大径分别为1.2 cm、1.5 cm、0.6 cm、0.8 cm,切面灰白,质硬,边界欠清,见图 1E。甲状腺右叶+峡部:组织一块,体积5.5 cm×4.5 cm×1.7 cm,切面可见两相邻肿物,最大径分别为2.5 cm、3 cm,切面灰白、质硬,边界欠清。全甲状腺病理诊断:结合形态学及免疫组织化学表达特点,诊断为甲状腺乳头状癌,组织学类型为经典型;左颈(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ)区、右颈(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵb)区淋巴结见癌转移。免疫组织化学示:BRAFV600E(+)。
为了确定肺内转移癌来源于甲状腺的乳头状癌,我们进一步比较肺腺癌原发病灶(含转移性甲状腺癌成分)、肺内转移的甲状腺癌、甲状腺乳头状癌原发病灶的病理形态学(图 2A、F、K)和免疫组织化学TTF-1、NapsinA、PAX-8、BRAF V600E的表达(图 2B~E、2G~J、2L),证实了前面各项病理诊断。
图 2 患者各项病理资料Figure 2 Pathological data of the patientA: primary lesions of lung adenocarcinoma (containing metastatic thyroid cancer components) (HE ×100); B: immunohistochemical staining for TTF-1 through the EnVision method was positive in the primary lesions of lung adenocarcinoma and metastatic thyroid carcinoma within adenocarcinoma (EnVision ×100); C: NapsinA immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method demonstrated that the primary lesion of lung adenocarcinoma was positive, whereas the metastatic thyroid cancer component in adenocarcinoma was negative (EnVision ×100); D: PAX-8 immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method revealed negative primary lesions of lung adenocarcinoma and positive metastatic thyroid cancer components within adenocarcinoma (EnVision×100); E: BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method showed the negative primary lesions of adenocarcinoma and positive components of metastatic thyroid cancer within adenocarcinoma (EnVision ×100); F: HE staining of thyroid cancer with intrapulmonary metastases (HE ×200); G: TTF-1 immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method revealed positive intrapulmonary metastatic thyroid cancer (EnVision ×200); H: NapsinA immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method indicated negative intrapulmonary metastatic thyroid cancer (EnVision ×100); I: PAX-8 immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method showed positive intrapulmonary metastatic thyroid cancer (EnVision ×200); J: BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method indicated positive intrapulmonary metastatic thyroid cancer (EnVision ×200); K: primary lesions of papillary thyroid carcinoma, HE staining (HE ×200); L: BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry through the EnVision method revealed positive primary lesions of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EnVision ×200).2023年12月26日随访,患者术后情况良好,目前于外院接受131I治疗。
2 讨论
PTC是最常见的甲状腺恶性肿瘤,远处转移常见于肺。转移性甲状腺乳头状癌在肺内常表现为粟粒型或多发性结节型,孤立性结节少见[2]。但如果有甲状腺癌病史的患者,出现一个或多个肺结节,临床也应考虑转移的可能性[3]。本例患者肺内多发结节,在影像上仍难以判断是否为肺原发肿瘤或甲状腺肿瘤肺内转移。文献报道,CT在分化型甲状腺癌的肺转移诊断中敏感度较低、存在非特异性,对疑似肺转移患者通过联合131I全身显像、血清甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)等诊断方法可提高诊断准确性[4]。然而部分肺转移性甲状腺癌为非摄碘性转移[5],对于Tg升高而131I-WBS(131I全身显像)阴性的分化型甲状腺癌患者,18F-FDG PET/CT检测复发/转移瘤的敏感度和特异性分别为90%和98.5% [6],18F-FDG PET/CT可用于探查DxWBS(诊断性131I全身显像)或RxWBS(治疗性131I全身显像)阴性,但Tg阳性患者的可疑不摄碘的PTC复发及转移灶[7]。对既往有甲状腺癌病史的肺结节患者,临床上需要联合131I全身显像、血清甲状腺球蛋白、18F-FDG PET/CT等多方面检查以除外转移性甲状腺癌;对于既往无甲状腺癌的多发肺结节患者,临床上也要完善甲状腺的检查以排除甲状腺癌的可能。对于可疑恶性的甲状腺结节及有可疑转移征象的淋巴结,术前行超声引导下细针抽吸活检(fine needle aspiration biopsy, FNAB)细胞学检查可明确其性质,避免不必要的手术。目前推荐FNAB作为甲状腺结节术前首选的病理诊断方法[7]。
本病例术前超声提示高度怀疑甲状腺恶性肿瘤的可能,且次要肿瘤与甲状腺原发恶性肿瘤具有相似的核特征:核排列拥挤、重叠,毛玻璃样、核内包涵体,结合病史及形态学符合转移性甲状腺乳头状癌;但仍需要与肺乳头状浸润性腺癌及胃肠道来源肿瘤鉴别,可借助免疫组织化学TTF-1、PAX-8、TG、BRAF V600E、NapsinA、CDX-2、CK7等进行鉴别,转移性甲状腺乳头状癌表达TTF-1、PAX-8、TG、BRAFV600E,肺原发浸润性腺癌表达NapsinA、TTF-1、CK7,胃肠道来源肿瘤表达CDX-2,本病例的免疫组织化学结果支持转移性甲状腺乳头状癌。
肺原发浸润性腺癌病灶内出现PTC微小转移病灶属于肿瘤间转移。肿瘤间转移十分罕见,通常,供体肿瘤是一种侵袭性很强的恶性肿瘤,受体肿瘤通常是低级别恶性肿瘤或良性肿瘤,而肺癌是最常见的转移供体,作为受体极为罕见[8]。肿瘤细胞通过血道或淋巴道播散到不同部位,但只有在存有适宜微环境的特定器官或受体肿瘤内才能存活与繁殖。与正常肺组织相比,肺癌细胞生长速度快,肿瘤组织内常伴有纤维化,并缺乏丰富脉管系统[9],并不利于肿瘤定植,且由于PTC生长速度缓慢,35~40年生存率达95%[10],甲状腺乳头状癌的转移灶可能在肺浸润性腺癌发生之前就已经存在。对于分化型弥漫性微小肺转移灶,131I治疗可获得较高的完全缓解率;对于单发的较大肺转移灶,可优先考虑手术切除[7]。
本病例的病理诊断难点在于发现肺结节并高度考虑恶性后进行的诊疗过程中,由于是单发的肺结节,且PTC发生肺内转移的影像学特征并不典型,所以容易忽略了完善甲状腺检查的必要性。此外,术中冰冻易导致PTC的漏诊误诊,一方面取材局限,PTC的肺内转移灶如果较小则容易被遗漏,另一方面冰冻制片易导致肿瘤结构及细胞表现不典型,使微小转移病灶容易被忽略。为了避免漏诊、误诊,临床需要注意积极完善相关检查,而病理常规诊断时则需要结合病史、显微镜下形态、免疫组织化学及取材是否充分等多方面综合判断。
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.利益冲突声明:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。作者贡献:陈思琴:文章撰写与修改,文献整理甘思远:指导写作,文章修改陈正德:资料收集,文献检索黄剑:指导写作,文章修改 -
表 1 肺内肿瘤免疫组织化学结果
Table 1 Immunohistochemical results of intrapulmonary tumors
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