Abstract: The global incidence and mortality of tumors continue to rise, posing severe challenges to existing treatments due to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. This drives the development of antitumor drugs towards natural product strategies characterized by multi-target effects and low toxicity. Xinjiang Arnebia euchroma, a genuine regional medicinal material with cold property and sweet-salty taste, traditionally functions to cool blood, activate blood circulation, remove toxins, and promote eruption. Studies have shown that its active components (e.g., shikonin, salvianolic acid B) can exert multiple antitumor effects—including inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, regulating metabolism, and reversing drug resistance—in various malignant tumors such as digestive tract tumors and breast cancer by intervening in key signaling pathways like protein kinase B/nuclear factor kappa B and Hippo/Yes-associated protein.This article systematically reviews the antitumor active components, mechanisms of action, and clinical application prospects of Xinjiang Arnebia euchroma, aiming to provide insights for the research and development of related new drugs.