Abstract: Abstract: Objective To describe and analyze the incidence, mortality, and trends in esophageal cancer among the Han and Mongolian ethnic groups, compare the differences and provide scientific evidence for esophageal cancer. Methods Demographic characteristics of esophageal cancer incidence and mortality in Chifeng City from 2012 to 2021 were collected. The chi-square test was used to compare differences in the composition ratios of different characteristics. The APC and AAPC methods were employed among the Han and Mongolian ethnic groups. Results The incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer showed statistically significant differences across regions, genders, and age groups (P<0.05). The age-standardized incidence rates of esophageal cancer showed a decreasing trend (AAPC of -2.85% and -4.04%), while the age-standardized mortality rate showed a slight upward trend (AAPC of 0.29% and 1.95%). The incidence rates of esophageal cancer decreased across all age groups, with the highest incidence rates occurring at ages 75 and 65 and above. From 2012 to 2021, The standardized mortality rate showed a slight upward trend, while the Mongolian population shifted from a rapid upward trend. Conclusion The high-incidence age group in the Han population appeared earlier than the Mongolian population. These population have a high risk of esophageal cancer, especially in Men and middle old age person. The Mongolian population in pastoral areas and the Han population in rural areas are the key regions for prevention and control.