0 引言
头颈部肿瘤以鳞癌为其主要的病理类型。头 颈部肿瘤患者的管理主要集中于经验丰富的多学 科团队及相关组织、机构。基于大量的原始研究 证据,一些机构发布了自己的临床指南。但是, 并不是所有的指南都是高质量的。本文采用临床 指南研究与评价系统( Appraisal of Guideline for REsearch and Evaluation,AGREE) 评价国内外头 颈部鳞癌相关指南的质量,为我国头颈部鳞癌临 床指南的编制工作提供借鉴。 1 资料和方法 1.1 研究资料
计算机检索PubMed、Embase、U.S. National Guideline Clearing-house, the Canadian Medical Association Infobase, the Guidelines International Network, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, CMAdisc数据库文献资料,截止2012年10月。
英文检索词:head and neck cancer;squamous cell of head and neck; guidelines。中文检索词:头 颈部肿瘤;指南;规范。 1.2 纳入与排除标准
纳入公开发布的头颈部鳞癌指南,指南针对 的主题、研究方法和分期不限,语种仅为中文、 英文。排除关于临床指南的介绍、评析、应用指 导、应用效果评价、勘误表和不同语种版本及重 复收录的指南。 1.3 评价与分析方法
纳入的指南采用AGREE Ⅱ[1]工具评价其质 量。评价前培训评价者并分析评价结果的一致 性,一致性达到可接受的最低水平后开始评价。 1.4 评价工具及方法
AGREE工具评价指南由6个领域组成:(1) 范围和目的;(2)制定指南的参与人员;(3) 制定的严谨性;(4)清晰性与可读性;(5)适 用性;(6)编撰的独立性。
每个条目根据评价标准按7级划分等级:从1 分(非常不同意)到7分(非常同意)进行评分。 每个领域最终得分由每个评分人员通过以下计算 方法得到:(实际得分最低可能得分)/(最高可 能得分最低可能得分)×100% 。 1.5 统计学方法
在开始进行评价前,随机抽取6篇文献,两 名评价员独立评价[2]。结果采用组内相关系数 (Interclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC)及其95%可 信区间(95%CI)描述评价标准的符合程度或一致 性[3]。一致性超过最低水平0.75后方可开始独立纳 入研究质量。各领域得分采用平均值±标准误(x±s) 表示。独立样本t检验用于比较两组的差异,单因 素方差分析用于比较多组间的差异,P<0.05为差 异有统计学意义。采用SPSS18.0软件进行统计分 析。
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图 1本文与Chen、Alonso-Coello、Zhang、Burgers研究的指南质量的比较 Figure 1Comparison of the quality of the guidelines included in this report with those included by Chen, Alonso-Coello, Zhang and Burgers |
共检索出514篇相关文献,最终纳入49篇头颈 部鳞癌指南,见表 1。最早发布于2001年,最近发 布于2012年。指南覆盖15个国家和地区。39篇指 南由专业的指南机构、组织发布,10篇以个人名 义发表。29篇指南基于循证方法学制定,其余的 指南制定基于专家意见、临床经验、回顾性研究 等方法。指南关注的问题集中于放疗、化疗、手 术、肿瘤筛查等领域。22.4%的指南有过更新。
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表 1 49部指南的基线资料 Table 1 The basic information of 49 guidelines |
正式评价前,两名评价者采用AGREE Ⅱ对随 机抽取的6篇指南进行独立评价,两位评价员的评 价结果的ICC为0.96(95%CI:0.93~0.98)。评价员对 评价条目的理解、判断及评价结果的一致性较高。 2.3 纳入指南的整体质量
49篇指南的整体质量中等。六个领域得分分 别为:(71.63±2.80)%、(43.37±2.96)%、(45.63± 3.84)%、(68.08±2.53)%、(32.41±3.03)%、(42.55± 4.57)%,见表 2。
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表 2 指南得分及各领域得分分布情况 Table 2 Guideline score (x±s) and Guideline distribution (%) according to scores in each domain assessed by the AGREE II instrument |
根据发表年限(2001-2005,2006-2010, >2010)、指南制定机构类型(专业机构与非专业 机构)、更新与否、制定的方法学(基于循证医 学、未基于循证医学)对纳入的指南的各领域得 分进行亚组分析,见表 3。
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表 3 纳入指南的各领域亚组分析结果 Table 3 The subgroup analysis results of each domain of included guidelines |
本研究是首次采用专业的评价工具系统进行 的国内外头颈部鳞癌指南的质量评价,纳入指南 的整体质量中等。所纳入的指南各领域得分较好 的为“范围和目的”及“清晰性”。大多数的指南详细 描述了他们的特定目标人群和集中关注的临床问 题。近几年来,“范围和目的”这一领域的得分交 前有所上升。
“制定的严谨性”这一领域得分较低。可能存在 以下原因:首先,大部分的指南没有报道其系统的 检索、筛选证据的方法;其次,只有极少数的指 南在发布之间进行了外审工作;再者,极少数的 指南对证据进行了测试验证;最后,只有22.4%的 指南进行了更新或拟定了更新时间。
“参与人员”这一领域的得分也较低,这与缺乏 多学科指南制定小组有关。所纳入指南中,79.6% 由专业的指南制定小组、机构、组织制定,然 而,几乎没有指南在制定过程中考虑目标人群对 卫生服务的体验和期望,也没有让目标人群参与 指南制定小组。
得分最低的两个领域是“应用性”及“编撰的独 立性”。这可能与较差的表达有关,指南制定人员 应能提供用于实践的推荐建议和工具,例如:简 介、快速参考手册、教具等。几乎所有的医学文 献中都要求作者详细说明是否存在利益冲突,这 已成为共识,然而,在指南制定中,对于是否存 在利益冲突及赞助商等却未能引起足够的重视。
Chen等[4]对国内115部临床指南采用AGREE Ⅱ
进行评价,国内指南在“范围和目的”“清晰性”两个
领域得分较高,仅分别为19%、26%,而“参与人
员”、“制定的严谨性”及“应用性”“编撰的独立性”
的得分分别为8%、7%、6%、2%。Zhang等[5]对国
内21部耳鼻喉指南进行评价的结果较Chen等[4]的
稍好,六个领域的得分分别为:45.4%、30.4%、
20.9%、48.8%、12.6%、6.2%。然而,相较于国
际指南的平均值仍相差甚远。Alonso-Coello等[6]
对1980至2010年期间全球各领域指南进行评价,
六个领域得分分别为:64%、60%、35%、43%、
22%、30%。Burgers等[7]曾对100部指南进行系统
评价,其中包含32部肿瘤学指南,研究显示,肿
瘤学指南较非肿瘤学指南得分稍好,六个领域
得分分别为:62.5%、37.2%、48.8%、60.0%、
19.1%、52.8%。本研究结果与国际平均值较为
接近,然而,在所纳入的指南中,未有一部是中
国原创。国内对于头颈部肿瘤的诊疗基本依靠国
外的相关指南及相关权威人士编写的个人指南,
如:美国国立癌症综合信息网头颈部肿瘤(中国
版)、头颈肿瘤治疗专家共识等。在政府指导下
开展头颈部鳞癌防治是我国头颈部鳞癌防治的基本
策略。目前,卫生部已颁布我国肺癌、直肠癌等相
关诊治规范、指南,但未见头颈鳞癌的诊治规范。
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2014, Vol.41


