肿瘤防治研究  2014, Vol.41 Issue (4): 446-452.   PDF    
国内外头颈部鳞癌指南循证评价(鼻咽癌除外)
蒋艳明,朱小东,周支瑞,曲 颂    
530021 南宁,广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院放疗科
摘要目的了解国内外头颈部鳞癌指南的发布状况、评价其质量,为我国制定头颈部鳞癌指南 提供借鉴。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、NGC(U.S. National Guideline Clearing-house), CMA Infobase(the Canadian Medical Association Infobase), GIN(the Guidelines International Network), SIGN(the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network), the CMAdisc等中英文数据库和指南网站,按既定的纳入 与排除标准,筛选文献,纳入符合标准的指南,用指南评价工具AGREE( Appraisal of Guideline for REsearch and Evaluation) Ⅱ对其进行质量评价。结果 共检索出514篇相关文献,最终纳入49篇头颈 部鳞癌指南,共覆盖15个国家、地区。现有指南主要由美国、加拿大、英国发布。49篇指南6个领域 的得分分别为:71.63%、43.37%、45.63%、68.08%、32.41%、42.55%。结论 国内外头颈部鳞癌指 南的质量中等,国内可借鉴AGREE的评价体系结合国内实际制定高水平的临床指南。
关键词: 头颈部肿瘤     鳞癌     指南     评价    
Evidence-based Evaluation of Global Guidelines for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Excepting Nasopharynx Cancer)
JIANG Yanming,ZHU Xiaodong, ZHOU Zhirui, QU Song    
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
Corresponding Author:ZHU Xiaodong, E-mail:zhuxiaodong83@163.com
AbstractObjective To review and evaluate the basic contents and development of the current global clinical guidelines for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Seven databases, PubMed, Embase, NGC(U.S. National Guideline Clearing-house), CMA infobase(the Canadian Medical Association Infobase), GIN(the Guidelines International Network), SIGN(the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) and the CMAdisc, were screened according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The number of clinical guidelines was counted and the quality of guidelines was also assessed by AGREE( Appraisal of Guideline for REsearch and Evaluation) Ⅱ. Results A total of 514 articles were found to be clinical guideline-related and 49 articles were finally included. The guidelines were issued by 15 countries/regions, mainly by American, Canada and UK. Mean scores of six domains were 71.63%, 43.37%, 45.63%, 68.08%, 32.41% and 42.55%, respectively. Conclusion The quality of otorhinolaryngology guidelines in China is not high. China can be drawn lessons from the AGREE system and combined with domestic actual condition to making high level clinical guidelines.
Key words: Head and neck cancer     Squamous carcinoma     Clinical guideline     Evidence-based evaluation    

0 引言

头颈部肿瘤以鳞癌为其主要的病理类型。头 颈部肿瘤患者的管理主要集中于经验丰富的多学 科团队及相关组织、机构。基于大量的原始研究 证据,一些机构发布了自己的临床指南。但是, 并不是所有的指南都是高质量的。本文采用临床 指南研究与评价系统( Appraisal of Guideline for REsearch and Evaluation,AGREE) 评价国内外头 颈部鳞癌相关指南的质量,为我国头颈部鳞癌临 床指南的编制工作提供借鉴。 1 资料和方法 1.1 研究资料

计算机检索PubMed、Embase、U.S. National Guideline Clearing-house, the Canadian Medical Association Infobase, the Guidelines International Network, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, CMAdisc数据库文献资料,截止2012年10月。

英文检索词:head and neck cancer;squamous cell of head and neck; guidelines。中文检索词:头 颈部肿瘤;指南;规范。 1.2 纳入与排除标准

纳入公开发布的头颈部鳞癌指南,指南针对 的主题、研究方法和分期不限,语种仅为中文、 英文。排除关于临床指南的介绍、评析、应用指 导、应用效果评价、勘误表和不同语种版本及重 复收录的指南。 1.3 评价与分析方法

纳入的指南采用AGREE Ⅱ[1]工具评价其质 量。评价前培训评价者并分析评价结果的一致 性,一致性达到可接受的最低水平后开始评价。 1.4 评价工具及方法

AGREE工具评价指南由6个领域组成:(1) 范围和目的;(2)制定指南的参与人员;(3) 制定的严谨性;(4)清晰性与可读性;(5)适 用性;(6)编撰的独立性。

每个条目根据评价标准按7级划分等级:从1 分(非常不同意)到7分(非常同意)进行评分。 每个领域最终得分由每个评分人员通过以下计算 方法得到:(实际得分最低可能得分)/(最高可 能得分最低可能得分)×100% 。 1.5 统计学方法

在开始进行评价前,随机抽取6篇文献,两 名评价员独立评价[2]。结果采用组内相关系数 (Interclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC)及其95%可 信区间(95%CI)描述评价标准的符合程度或一致 性[3]。一致性超过最低水平0.75后方可开始独立纳 入研究质量。各领域得分采用平均值±标准误(x±s) 表示。独立样本t检验用于比较两组的差异,单因 素方差分析用于比较多组间的差异,P<0.05为差 异有统计学意义。采用SPSS18.0软件进行统计分 析。

图 1本文与Chen、Alonso-Coello、Zhang、Burgers研究的指南质量的比较 Figure 1Comparison of the quality of the guidelines included in this report with those included by Chen, Alonso-Coello, Zhang and Burgers
2 结果 2.1 指南纳入的一般特征

共检索出514篇相关文献,最终纳入49篇头颈 部鳞癌指南,见表 1。最早发布于2001年,最近发 布于2012年。指南覆盖15个国家和地区。39篇指 南由专业的指南机构、组织发布,10篇以个人名 义发表。29篇指南基于循证方法学制定,其余的 指南制定基于专家意见、临床经验、回顾性研究 等方法。指南关注的问题集中于放疗、化疗、手 术、肿瘤筛查等领域。22.4%的指南有过更新。

表 1 49部指南的基线资料 Table 1 The basic information of 49 guidelines
2.2 指南质量评价

正式评价前,两名评价者采用AGREE Ⅱ对随 机抽取的6篇指南进行独立评价,两位评价员的评 价结果的ICC为0.96(95%CI:0.93~0.98)。评价员对 评价条目的理解、判断及评价结果的一致性较高。 2.3 纳入指南的整体质量

49篇指南的整体质量中等。六个领域得分分 别为:(71.63±2.80)%、(43.37±2.96)%、(45.63± 3.84)%、(68.08±2.53)%、(32.41±3.03)%、(42.55± 4.57)%,见表 2

表 2 指南得分及各领域得分分布情况 Table 2 Guideline score (x±s) and Guideline distribution (%) according to scores in each domain assessed by the AGREE II instrument
2.4 临床指南质量亚组分析

根据发表年限(2001-2005,2006-2010, >2010)、指南制定机构类型(专业机构与非专业 机构)、更新与否、制定的方法学(基于循证医 学、未基于循证医学)对纳入的指南的各领域得 分进行亚组分析,见表 3

表 3 纳入指南的各领域亚组分析结果 Table 3 The subgroup analysis results of each domain of included guidelines
3 讨论

本研究是首次采用专业的评价工具系统进行 的国内外头颈部鳞癌指南的质量评价,纳入指南 的整体质量中等。所纳入的指南各领域得分较好 的为“范围和目的”及“清晰性”。大多数的指南详细 描述了他们的特定目标人群和集中关注的临床问 题。近几年来,“范围和目的”这一领域的得分交 前有所上升。

“制定的严谨性”这一领域得分较低。可能存在 以下原因:首先,大部分的指南没有报道其系统的 检索、筛选证据的方法;其次,只有极少数的指 南在发布之间进行了外审工作;再者,极少数的 指南对证据进行了测试验证;最后,只有22.4%的 指南进行了更新或拟定了更新时间。

“参与人员”这一领域的得分也较低,这与缺乏 多学科指南制定小组有关。所纳入指南中,79.6% 由专业的指南制定小组、机构、组织制定,然 而,几乎没有指南在制定过程中考虑目标人群对 卫生服务的体验和期望,也没有让目标人群参与 指南制定小组。

得分最低的两个领域是“应用性”及“编撰的独 立性”。这可能与较差的表达有关,指南制定人员 应能提供用于实践的推荐建议和工具,例如:简 介、快速参考手册、教具等。几乎所有的医学文 献中都要求作者详细说明是否存在利益冲突,这 已成为共识,然而,在指南制定中,对于是否存 在利益冲突及赞助商等却未能引起足够的重视。

Chen等[4]对国内115部临床指南采用AGREE Ⅱ 进行评价,国内指南在“范围和目的”“清晰性”两个 领域得分较高,仅分别为19%、26%,而“参与人 员”、“制定的严谨性”及“应用性”“编撰的独立性” 的得分分别为8%、7%、6%、2%。Zhang等[5]对国 内21部耳鼻喉指南进行评价的结果较Chen等[4]的 稍好,六个领域的得分分别为:45.4%、30.4%、 20.9%、48.8%、12.6%、6.2%。然而,相较于国 际指南的平均值仍相差甚远。Alonso-Coello等[6] 对1980至2010年期间全球各领域指南进行评价, 六个领域得分分别为:64%、60%、35%、43%、 22%、30%。Burgers等[7]曾对100部指南进行系统 评价,其中包含32部肿瘤学指南,研究显示,肿 瘤学指南较非肿瘤学指南得分稍好,六个领域 得分分别为:62.5%、37.2%、48.8%、60.0%、 19.1%、52.8%。本研究结果与国际平均值较为 接近,然而,在所纳入的指南中,未有一部是中 国原创。国内对于头颈部肿瘤的诊疗基本依靠国 外的相关指南及相关权威人士编写的个人指南, 如:美国国立癌症综合信息网头颈部肿瘤(中国 版)、头颈肿瘤治疗专家共识等。在政府指导下 开展头颈部鳞癌防治是我国头颈部鳞癌防治的基本 策略。目前,卫生部已颁布我国肺癌、直肠癌等相 关诊治规范、指南,但未见头颈鳞癌的诊治规范。 本研究也存在不足:(1)评价结果存在一定 的主观偏倚;(2)一 些以书本、小 册 子、政 府文 件 等形式发布的指南未能进行评价,且由于语言的限 制,一些非英文的指南未能纳入评价;(3)AGREE Ⅱ评价指南并未涉及对指南推荐建议的评价。

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