In recent years, immunotherapy has made revolutionary breakthroughs in the field of lung cancer and has become an indispensable treatment for patients with advanced NSCLC. More patients treated with immunotherapy have achieved long-term survival. At present, immunotherapy is still a hot research hotspot. In order to better understand the development and changes of immunotherapy for advanced NSCLC, this article systematically and comprehensively reviews the clinical research progress of immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the related mechanism of Slug inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer cell through CDH3/β-catenin/C-myc. Methods SiHa cells with stable Slug expression were screened. The expression of CDH3 in Slug-overexpressed SiHa cell was detected by RNA-sequence, Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry. The expression of CDH3 in SiHa and HeLa cells were detected by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. The protein level of CDH3 was up-regulated in HeLa cells or rescued in SiHa-Slug cells by transient transfection of CDH3 expression vector. The protein levels of β-catenin and C-myc were detected by Western blot, the cell growth was detected by cell counting and CCK-8 assays. Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) were performed to detect the effect of Slug on regulating the promoter region of CDH3. Results SiHa cell line with stable Slug expression was successfully constructed. Slug overexpression inhibited CDH3 expression in SiHa cells. CDH3 promoted cell proliferation and up-regulated the protein level of β-catenin and C-myc in HeLa and SiHa-Slug cells. Slug could recognize and bind to the E-boxes in the CDH3 promoter region and inhibited the transcription of CDH3 in SiHa cells. Conclusion Slug could inhibit the expression of β-catenin and C-myc by inhibiting CDH3 transcription in SiHa cells, and then attenuate the growth of SiHa cells.

Objective To observe the expression level of PRMT5 in gastric cancer cells, and explore the
effect of knocking down the expression level of PRMT5 on the biological behavior of gastric cancer cells.
Methods Western blot was used to detect the expression of PRMT5 protein in gastric cancer cell lines
MGC803, SGC7901, MKN45 and human gastric epithelial cells GES-1. siRNA1 and siRNA2 plasmids were
transfected to knock down the expression of PRMT5. Cell proliferation and apoptosis assay, transwell assay
were used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion abilities, respectively. The protein expression
levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and Bax were detected. Results Compared with GES-1 cells, PRMT5 protein
expression levels increased in MGC803, SGC7901 and MKN45 cells (P<0.001). After knocking down the
expression of PRMT5, the cell proliferation and invasion abilities were weakened, the apoptosis rate increased
(P<0.05), the expression of β-catenin and Cyclin D1 protein decreased, and the expression of Bax protein
increased (P<0.001). Conclusion The expression level of PRMT5 is increased in gastric cancer cells.
Knockdown of PRMT5 expression level could inhibit cell proliferation, invasion and promote cell apoptosis
via reducing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-148a on the chemosensitivity of cervical cancer HeLa cells to cisplatin and its related mechanism. Methods Cervical cancer HeLa cells were cultured in vitro and the concentration gradient of cisplatin was set to detect IC20 value. Control group, mimic control group, miR-148a mimic group, inhibitor control group and miR-148a inhibitor group were set up. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-148a and STAT3 mRNA after transfection. After 4 μmol/L cisplatin treatment, the proliferation of HeLa cells was detected by MTT assay; the apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were detected by flow cytometry; Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of p-STAT3/STAT3, CyclinD1, Bcl-2, Bax and Cleaved caspase-3. Results The IC20 of cisplatin on HeLa cells was about 4 μmol/L. Compared with the mimic control group, the level of miR-148a in the miR-148a mimic group was significantly increased, and the level of STAT3 mRNA was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the inhibitor control group, the level of miR-148a in HeLa cells in miR-148a inhibitor group was significantly decreased, and the level of STAT3 mRNA was significantly increased (P<0.05). On the basis of cisplatin treatment, compared with the mimic control group, the apoptosis rate, G0/G1 phase cell ratio, the protein levels of Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 were significantly increased in miR-148a mimic group, while OD value, the proportions of cells in S and G2/M phase, the protein levels of p-STAT3/STAT3, CyclinD1, Bcl-2 were significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with the inhibitor control group, the above indicators of HeLa cells in miR-148a inhibitor group changed significantly in the opposite direction (P<0.05). Conclusion MiR-148a could enhance the chemosensitivity of cervical cancer HeLa cells to cisplatin by targetedly inhibiting STAT3.

Objective To investigate the expression of microRNA-152 in hepatocellular carcinoma, and analyze the correlation of miR-152 expression with the clinicopathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients. Methods Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-152 in tissue specimens from HCC and the adjacent non-cancerous hepatic tissues collected from 56 patients who underwent surgical treatment for primary HCC. The association between the expression of miR-152 and the clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis of HCC patients was analyzed. Results The relative expression of miR-152 in hepatocellular carcinoma and corresponding adjacent non-carcinoma tissues were 0.616±0.041 and 0.768±0.042 (P=0.011). The expression of miR-152 was significantly associated with TNM stages (P=0.042), tumor differentiation (P=0.035), metastasis (P=0.048) and venous invasion (P=0.042). There was no significant association between the miR-152 expression and gender, age, AFP level, tumor number or tumor grade. The OS (P=0.035) and PFS (P=0.012) in the low miR-152 expression group were obviously shorter than those in the high miR-152 expression group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the low expression of miR-152, tumor recurrence and pathological classification were significant independent prognostic factors for the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Conclusion The expression of miR-152 is decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, and the low expression of miR-152 is significantly associated with TNM stages, tumor differentiation, metastasis, venous invasion and the prognosis of HCC patients.

Objective To investigate the expression and prognostic value of FOXO1 gene in liver cancer tissues based on TCGA and HPA databases. Methods The RNA-seq data of FOXO1 gene in liver cancer were downloaded from TCGA. The difference of FOXO1 gene expression between tumor and adjacent tissues was obtained via R software. The correlation between FOXO1 and clinicopathological features of liver cancer patients was analyzed. Survival analysis was carried out to evaluate the prognostic significance of FOXO1 gene expression in liver cancer patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to explore prognostic factors. The correlation between FOXO1 expression and TIICs in tumor microenvironment was performed by CIBERSORT. KEGG pathways enrichment analysis was performed for the potential function of FOXO1 gene in liver cancer. Results FOXO1 was downregulated in liver cancer tissues compared with normal tissues (P=1.321E-15). Survival analysis showed that high expression of FOXO1 was positively associated with favorable OS of liver cancer patients (P<0.05). Clinical stage, T and M stages could be prognostic indicators while FOXO1 wasn’t an independent prognostic factor in patients with liver cancer. In TME of liver cancer, the expression of FOXO1 was positively correlated with resting memory CD4 T cells and naive B cells while negatively related to activated memory CD4 T cells and macrophages M2. GSEA identified that FOXO1 participated in multiple cancer-related pathways. Conclusion FOXO1 is down-regulated in liver cancer tissues, and its expression level is associated with OS of patients. FOXO1 might be a biomarker related to the prognosis of liver cancer patients and is expected to be a target for diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.

Objective To evaluate the prognosis-related factors of colorectal cancer patients with positive PD-L1 expression in liver metastases after hepatectomy. Methods We reviewed retrospectively the clinical data of 68 colorectal cancer patients with positive PD-L1 expression in liver metastases receiving personalized comprehensive treatment which was mainly consisted of surgical resection. We observed the results and prognosis after surgical resection and analyzed related factors. Results Univariate analysis showed that no radiotherapy, N stage, RAS mutation status, T stage, dMMR, Duck stage, disease free interval from primary to metastases≤12 months and largest hepatic tumor diameter>5 cm had obvious significance (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis regression revealed that without dMMR (P=0.012), Duck A stage (P=0.000), disease free interval from primary to metastases>12 months (P=0.020) and largest hepatic tumor diameter<5 cm (P=0.006) were independent protective factors for the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients with positive PD-L1 expression in liver metastases after surgical resection. Conclusion Personalized comprehensive treatment which is mainly consisted of surgical resection still has a good effect on colorectal cancer patients with positive PD-L1 expression in liver metastases after hepatectomy. Without dMMR, Duck A stage, disease free interval from primary to metastases>12 months and largest hepatic tumor diameter ≤5cm are independent protective factors for patients’ prognosis.

Objective To investigate application value and significance of mixed reality technology in surgical treatment and doctor-patient communication for vestibular schwannoma. Methods We selected randomly 13 vestibular schwannoma patients treated with surgical treatment. After the three-dimensional models were constructed, preoperative surgical planning and doctor-patient communication were performed with mixed reality technology. Craniotomy through retrosigmoid sinus approach, tumor resection and facial nerve protection were achieved intraoperatively with the assistance of mixed reality technology. Questionnaires were collected and facial nerve function of 13 patients was recorded one week after operation. Results Holographic model images of 13 cases were showed successfully using mixed reality technology. The locations of preoperative facial nerves reconstructed were completely consistent with actual locations in 10 cases (84.6%). After preoperative anatomic analysis, it was decided to remove partly the posterior wall of the internal auditory canal in 11 cases. The result of doctor-patient communication questionnaire showed that 13 patients and their family all had a thorough understanding of the condition, operative plan and risks, and expressed satisfaction with the preoperative conversation. With the assistance of mixed reality technology, the tumors were resected totally without injury of vein sinus in 13 cases. The facial nerve function was gradeⅠ in 3 cases, gradeⅡin 6 cases, grade Ⅲ in 3 case and grade Ⅳ in 1 case based on House-Brackmann grading one week after surgery. Conclusion Mixed reality technology is quite helpful in individual surgical planning and preoperative doctor-patient communication. It helps reduce the side injuries of surgery and protect the function of facial nerve as a surgical assistant tool intraoperatively.

Cardiotoxicity is a serious complication of antineoplastic drugs. With the continuous development of antineoplastic drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been used in the treatment of a variety of cancers. PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely concerned in recent years. This article reviews the manifestations and possible mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the detection methods and treatment of cardiotoxicity.

CD47 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is expressed on various cells and tissues of human, but it is more expressed on tumor cells, especially in various hematopoietic tumors. The combination of CD47 expressed on tumor cells with signal regulator protein α (SIRPα) on macrophages inhibits the phagocytosis of tumors by macrophages. The reaction can lead to tumor immune escape. CD47 has become a new hot spot in tumor research. This article reviews the correlation between the structure and expression of CD47, CD47-SIRPα, CD47-targeting antibody drugs and lymphoma immunotherapy.

Ovarian cancer, one of the gynecological malignancies, poses a serious threat to women’s health. The machine learning combines statistics and computer science. Researchers apply the machine learning to the clinical diagnosis and prognosis research of ovarian cancer. This article reviews the applications of machine learning in ovarian cancers. The results show that the predictive ability of machine learning models is better than traditional statistical models, but further test and verification are needed in prospective large-scale studies.

The occurrence and development of the tumor are closely associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and host immune status. Traditional TNM staging has gradually been insufficient in the assessment of patients’ outcomes, as the TNM system solely evaluated tumor cell characteristics and failed to predict clinical outcomes based on immune factors. Therefore, immunoscore (IS), derived from the concept of immune contexture, was proposed to establish a more comprehensive and accurate TNM-I staging above the TNM staging. Recently, increasing studies have shown that IS can predict the survival outcome and treatment efficacy more accurately than TNM staging. Moreover, IS possess characteristics such as feasibility, convenience, robustness and reproducibility, which make it possible for IS to be used as a biomarker for clinical application, to classify patients better and contribute to developing individualized treatment strategies, ultimately, to improve the overall survival of patients with cancer. This article reviews of the progress of immunoscore in predicting patients’ prognosis and response to therapy among different tumors.

Renal cell carcinoma is one of the ten multiple cancers, and its incidence rate and mortality rate have been increasing in more than 20 years. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common histopathological subtype. Cyclic ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) are noncoding ribonucleic acids, which are widely distributed with diverse cellular functions and have organ- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Recent studies have shown that circRNAs are abnormally expressed in ccRCC and play an important role in the occurrence and development of ccRCC. However, there are few researches and related mechanisms of circRNAs regulating the biological behavior of ccRCC. Therefore, the paper mainly describes the research progress of circRNAs regulating the biological behavior of ccRCC and discusses its potential as a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC and targeted therapy.

Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is a clinical and molecular heterogeneous disease. Currently, for mCRC, extended rat sarcoma (RAS) testing is recommended in routine clinical practice before any treatment. RAS mutational status is significantly associated with the outcome of patients and strongly predictive for anti-EGFR-targeted therapy. However, specific treatments for RAS target are not yet available. Previous studies have shown that direct inhibition of RAS proteins has limited clinical benefits. Recently, a promising drug, AMG-510, which can directly inhibit KRAS G12C has been reported; however, it needs further confirmation. In the past few years, important advances have also been made in approaches designed to indirectly target RAS by inhibiting RAS effectors, multi-target combination strategies and immunotherapy. They are expected to be effective treatments for RAS target. This article summarizes the precision treatment of RAS-mutant mCRC.